Transparent Conductive Metal Thin‐Film Electrodes Structured by Direct Laser Interference Patterning

Müller‐Meskamp, Lars; Schubert, Sylvio; Roch, Teja; Eckhardt, Sebastian; Lasagni, Andrés Fabían; Leo, Karl

doi:10.1002/adem.201400454

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the maskless fabrication of metal mesh can be achieved by either selective laser sintering of metal nanoparticle film for the formation of conductive wires and removing the nanoparticles without sintering, [316][317][318][319] or selective ablation of metal film by pulsed laser. [320][321][322] Through eliminating the coffee ring effects, the direct printing of metal conductive ink lines on flexible substrate through an inkjet-printing process has also been demonstrated for the fabrication of conductive metal mesh. [323][324][325] Besides metal NPs, the metal NWs with high aspect ratio can also be used for the building blocks for the self-assembly of conductive and transparent metal mesh.…”

Section: Metal Meshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications

Ren

Ouyang

et al. 2018

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Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.

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Section: Metal Meshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications

Ren

Ouyang

et al. 2018

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“…However, the low transmittance and rough surface still present challenges for use as electrodes for OSCs . When OSCs are fabricated, small‐molecule organic solar cells (SM‐OSC) are mostly fabricated by evaporation, and the schematics of film morphology can be illustrated as in Figure h.…”

Section: Optical In‐couplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical In‐Coupling in Organic Solar Cells

2018

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thus offering an environmentally friendly approach. Furthermore, the use of simple low-temperature processing techniques makes it a potentially low-cost technology. However, efficiency and stability are so far lacking, hampering the full exploitation of the potential this technology has in these new applications. After the demonstration of the first reasonably performing organic solar cell by Tang [1] achieving approximately 1% efficiency, much effort has been put into improving these values. Nowadays, efficiencies well beyond 10%, and even over 13% have been reached, [2,3] however, with hard-to-synthesize polymers that so far have not shown sufficient stability for practical applications.Closer to commercial exploitation, solar cells based on oligomers (also termed "small molecules") and the material class used by Tang et al. [1] are investigated and introduced in their pioneering papers. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] This material class can be either deposited by vacuum evaporation or solution processing. [16][17][18][19][20][21] The advantage of vacuum evaporation is that very pure layers without solvent residuals are produced, which is favorable for a higher stability of the cells. Also, they allow several cells to be very easily integrated into stacked multijunction devices. [22] With multijunction cells, Heliatek has reached an efficiency of 13.2% using proprietary materials that allow long lifetimes and can be readily manufactured. [23] Single-junction devices with similar published materials achieve above 8% efficiency [24] and above 10% in single-junction and tandem devices, respectively. [25] While these values are much improved as compared to the pioneering work of Tang, there is still a large gap to be closed to reach efficiencies comparable to silicon solar cells and other inorganic PV technologies.Here, first we will address limitations of organic solar cells, such as short exciton diffusion length, voltage, and transport problems. After that, various approaches to solve these challenges will be introduced. These include the bulk heterojunction, multijunction devices, and periodically patterned structures on substrates or active layers. Among these approaches, we focus on optical in-coupling, which allows more photons to be funneled into the thin organic active layers, yielding higher efficiencies. Limitations of Organic Solar CellsAlthough organic solar cells have huge potential and acceptable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), they still have limitations caused by a short exciton diffusion length, charge transport, and low open-circuit voltage (V oc ). In this section, we briefly summarize why OSCs lack in efficiency, and optical in-coupling is required to improve the performance.Organic photovoltaics have many unique properties, such as flexibility, transparency, and low weight, which allows novel applications to be addressed. A remaining challenge is to increase the power conversion efficiencies into the range that is offered by conventional inorganic photovoltaics. Due to the li...

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“…11,12 Direct laser writing procedures have low energy requirements and rapid production times not only for 1D but also for 2D nanostructures. 13,14 In particular, creating 2D structural gratings with high-resolution is highly desirable for optical applications including lasing, biosensing, and spectroscopy. 15 Likewise, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP), where single laser beam is split to produce interference of multiple laser beams on a target substrate, is capable of rapidly generating 2D nanopatterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%