Trapping phenomena in avalanche photodiodes on nanosecond scale

Cova, S.; Lacaita, A.L.; Ripamonti, G.

doi:10.1109/55.116955

Cited by 236 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Table 1 shows the resulting decay parameters, and the final Monte Carlo simulation is shown in figure 5. The decay parameters are in agreement with earlier published data on APDs [19,23].…”

Section: Characterization Of Afterpulsing Side Effectsupporting

confidence: 82%

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After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

et al. 2011

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We present a method to control the detection events in quantum key distribution systems that use gated single-photon detectors. We employ bright pulses as faked states, timed to arrive at the avalanche photodiodes outside the activation time. The attack can remain unnoticed, since the faked states do not increase the error rate per se. This allows for an intercept-resend attack, where an eavesdropper transfers her detection events to the legitimate receiver without causing any errors. As a side effect, afterpulses, originating from accumulated charge carriers in the detectors, increase the error rate. We have experimentally tested detectors of the system id3110 (Clavis2) from ID Quantique. We identify the parameter regime in which the attack is feasible despite the side effect. Furthermore, we outline how simple modifications in the implementation can make the device immune to this attack.

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“…Table 1 shows the resulting decay parameters, and the final Monte Carlo simulation is shown in figure 5. The decay parameters are in agreement with earlier published data on APDs [19,23].…”

Section: Characterization Of Afterpulsing Side Effectsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The afterpulse effect is due to carrier traps, which are populated by avalanche current in the detection process [19,23]. We have found that bright pulses also populate the carrier traps, irrespective of whether they generate detection events or not.…”

Section: Characterization Of Afterpulsing Side Effectmentioning

confidence: 87%

After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem

et al. 2011

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“…Conditioned on a detection of the laser pulse, the FPGA looks for an afterpulse and subsequently updates a histogram. Unlike the normal doublewindow method 15 for gated detectors, this procedure allows the higher-order afterpulse contributions to be easily characterized, i.e., afterpulse of afterpulse. After a sufficient acquisition time, the histogram will reproduce the afterpulsing decay curve, from which the total afterpulse probability, P ap , is directly calculated by…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-running InGaAs single photon detector with 1 dark count per second at 10% efficiency

et al. 2014

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We present a free-running single photon detector for telecom wavelengths based on a negative feedback avalanche photodiode (NFAD). A dark count rate as low as 1 cps was obtained at a detection efficiency of 10%, with an afterpulse probability of 2.2% for 20 μs of deadtime. This was achieved by using an active hold-off circuit and cooling the NFAD with a free-piston stirling cooler down to temperatures of −110 °C. We integrated two detectors into a practical, 625 MHz clocked quantum key distribution system. Stable, real-time key distribution in the presence of 30 dB channel loss was possible, yielding a secret key rate of 350 bps

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“…During each avalanche pulse, a few avalanche carriers are trapped in local deep levels at intermediate energy between mid-gap and band edge. They are subsequently released and can retrigger the avalanche, thereby generating correlated afterpulses [12], [14], [19]. The afterpulsing can be reduced by making the hold-off time of the AQC long enough to cover most of the delayed release events [12].…”

Section: Spad Devices and Quenching Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%