Tree-configuration and species effects on the indoor and outdoor thermal condition and energy performance of courtyard buildings

Machine learning-based evaluation of dynamic thermal-tempering performance and thermal diversity for 107 Cambridge courtyards

“…Such synergistic benefits may result from the evapotranspiration, shading, and photosynthesis of the vegetation, which help to reduce the seasonal thermal extremes and retain the dappled sun-shade texture throughout the year. Another central observation on the green courtyard in promoting nighttime thermal performance extends the previous findings that trees and vegetative grounds can significantly affect outdoor comfort and building energy performance annually (Darvish et al, 2021).…”

“…Seven morphometrics in this study have been referenced from relevant literature to quantify the courtyard building and landscape features. They are courtyard area (CA) Rojas-Fernández et al, 2017;Yas ¸a & Ok, 2014), vertical area ratio (VAR) (Bardhan et al, 2018;Mehrotra et al, 2020;Ratti et al, 2005), shape index (SI) (Bogaert et al, 2000;Shirowzhan et al, 2018), horizontal aspect ratio (HAR) (Manioglu & Oral, 2015;Soflaei et al, 2017), long axial tilt (LAT) (Berkovic et al, 2012;Moonen et al, 2011;Rodríguez-Algeciras et al, 2018;Taleghani et al, 2014), 2D vegetation (VC_c_2d) and 3D vegetation within the courtyard (VC_c_3d) (Darvish et al, 2021;Del Rio et al, 2019) (Eqs. ( 8)-(( 14)).…”

Influence of Groves on Daylight Conditions and Visual Performance of Users of Urban Civil Infrastructures

“…However, one the main features of groves that urban populations enjoy is the shadow they cast onto the city lanes, roads and sidewalks, relieving pedestrians and traffic vehicles alike of an excessive level of illumination and heating, especially in summer months [27,28]. The reduction is carried out by a variety of physical phenomena, the most important being the reflection and the transmission of daylight rays, and heat absorption as a less relevant side effect.…”

The tree cooling pond effect and its influential factors: A pilot study in Gold Coast, Australia

“…shrubs and grasses) [8]. Generally, a fields' tree cover increase could considerably reduce temperatures [9]. Further, for the complexity of their thermal performances, trees are generally studied according to scientific parameters, which are used as tree indicators evaluating their characteristics, such as size and leaf area index (LAI).…”