Trends of NO-, NO2-, and NH3-emissions from gasoline-fueled Euro-3- to Euro-4-passenger cars

Heeb, Norbert V.; Saxer, Christian J.; Forss, Anna-Maria; Brühlmann, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.008

Cited by 110 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It can be concluded that the effect of precursor losses and artifacts in the PAM was not substantial in our measurements. The measurement of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate is difficult because ammonia sticks on the walls of sampling systems and instruments (Suarez-Bertoa et al, 2015;Heeb et al, 2012Heeb et al, , 2008, which may result in wall losses or an artifact on subsequent measurements. The penetration of ammonia could not be calculated, but the measured ammonium concentrations varied clearly from one case to another, implicating that the source of the ammonia was indeed the exhaust line instead of, e.g., the walls of the PAM.…”

Section: Pam Artifacts and Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Natural gas usage in the traffic and energy production sectors is a growing trend worldwide; thus, an assessment of its effects on air quality, human health and climate is required. Engine exhaust is a source of primary particulate emissions and secondary aerosol precursors, which both contribute to air quality and can cause adverse health effects. Technologies, such as cleaner engines or fuels, that produce less primary and secondary aerosols could potentially significantly decrease atmospheric particle concentrations and their adverse effects. In this study, we used a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber to investigate the secondary aerosol formation potential of natural gas engine exhaust. The PAM chamber was used with a constant UV-light voltage, which resulted in relatively long equivalent atmospheric ages of 11 days at most. The studied retro-fitted natural gas engine exhaust was observed to form secondary aerosol. The mass of the total aged particles, i.e., particle mass measured downstream of the PAM chamber, was 6-268 times as high as the mass of the emitted primary exhaust particles. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was measured to be 9-20 mg kg −1 fuel . The total aged particles mainly consisted of organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, with the fractions depending on exhaust after-treatment and the engine parameters used. Also, the volatility, composition and concentration of the total aged particles were found to depend on the engine operating mode, catalyst temperature and catalyst type. For example, a high catalyst temperature promoted the formation of sulfate particles, whereas a low catalyst temperature promoted nitrate formation. However, in particular, the concentration of nitrate needed a long time to stabilize -more than half an hour -which complicated the conclusions but also indicates the sensitivity of nitrate measurements on experimental parameters such as emission source and system temperatures. Sulfate was measured to have the highest evaporation temperature, and nitrate had the lowest. The evaporation temperature of ammonium depended on the fractions of nitrate and sulfate in the particles. The average volatility of the total aged particles was measured to be lower than that of primary particles, indicating better stability of the aged natural gas engine-emitted aerosol in the atmosphere. According to the results of this study, the exhaust of a natural gas engine equipped with a catalyst forms secondary aerosol when the atmospheric ages in a PAM chamber are several days long. The secondary aerosol matter has different physical characteristics from those of primary particulate emissions.

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Section: Pam Artifacts and Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics

et al. 2017

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“…Ianniello et al: Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing (China) has recently been considered and might be the most important factor influencing ammonia concentrations at urban locations and near roads (Sutton et al, 2000;Kean et al, 2000;Heeb et al, 2008). Also Beijing city is configured such that it is served by several ring roads with heavy traffic (Fig.…”

Section: Wintermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the light duty vehicles (PCs and taxies) are the main sources of traffic emissions in the city comprising over 90% of the total VKT in the urban area of Beijing, we considered only these vehicles for the NH 3 emission inventory. Heeb et al (2006Heeb et al ( , 2008 reported mean NO and NH 3 emission factors (mg km −1 ) and average vehicle speed (km h −1 ). In an urban area they calculated NH 3 emission factor of 48.8 mg km −1 at 19 km h −1 .…”

Section: Emission Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing (China)

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia have been measured during two field campaigns in the winter and in the summer of 2007 at Beijing (China). These measurements were carried out by means of diffusion annular denuders coated with phosphorous acid. The results were discussed from the standpoint of temporal and diurnal variations and meteorological effects. The daily average NH 3 concentrations were in the range of 0.20-44.38 µg/m 3 and showed regular temporal variations with higher concentrations during summer and with lower during winter. The temporal trends seemed to be largely affected by air temperature because of agricultural sources. No diurnal variability was observed for gaseous NH 3 levels in both winter and summer seasons. The highest ammonia value of 105.67 µg/m 3 was measured in the early morning during the summer period when stable atmospheric conditions occurred. The diurnal winter and summer trends of ammonia showed a weak dependence on the air temperature and they were affected nearly by wind direction suggesting regional and local source influences. Ammonia was also correlated with the atmospheric mixing in the boundary layer, and, with NO x , CO and PM 2.5 air concentrations supporting the hypothesis that the traffic may be also an important source of ammonia in Beijing.

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“…Atmospheric NH 4 + in salts aerosols is mainly related to particles generated from suspension of soils (or soils fertilised with NH 4 + ) or secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) generated in the atmosphere. When under the form of ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) or ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), NH 3 is susceptible to be transported over long distances (Heeb et al 2008). Górka et al (2012) measured δ 15 N in PM 10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamical diameter <10 μm) samples from the atmosphere of Wrocław from 5.0 to 13.7‰.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and isotopic interpretation of major ion compositions from precipitation: a one-year temporal monitoring study in Wrocław, SW Poland

et al. 2015

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Trends of NO-, NO2-, and NH3-emissions from gasoline-fueled Euro-3- to Euro-4-passenger cars

Cited by 110 publications

References 28 publications

Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics

Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics

Occurrence of gas phase ammonia in the area of Beijing (China)

Chemical and isotopic interpretation of major ion compositions from precipitation: a one-year temporal monitoring study in Wrocław, SW Poland

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