Tribological layers and the wear of ductile materials

Kapoor, Ajay; Franklin, FJ

doi:10.1016/s0043-1648(00)00480-4

Cited by 129 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…According to classical wear models [1] wear occurs when the sliding material has accumulated by ratchetting or low cycle fatigue a critical amount of strain (strain to failure). In the present case, one would therefore expect more mechanical wear at passive potential where more strain is globally accumulated in the metal surface.…”

Section: Microstructure and Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plastic deformation can lead to failure by low cycle fatigue or by ratchetting involving strain accumulation in the material at each passes of the counter part [1]. New structures with properties differing from the substrate such as white layers or tribological transformed surface structures (TTS) form as a consequence of large plastic strain [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EBSD, SEM and FIB characterisation of subsurface deformation during tribocorrosion of stainless steel in sulphuric acid

Perret

Boehm-Courjault

Cantoni

et al. 2010

Wear

109

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a b s t r a c tThe tribocorrosion behaviour of a 304L stainless steel/alumina contact was investigated in sulphuric acid at two imposed potentials (cathodic and passive). The metal deformation below the surface was investigated by analyzing cross sections using secondary electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD). Cross sections were also prepared using focussed ion beam (FIB) and analyzed by in situ SEM. AES depth profiling was used to analyze surface composition. Metal subsurface deformation resulted in the build up of a deformed layer of approximately 20 m thickness in the near surface zone within the wear track. This layer exhibited a deformation gradient with high deformation close to the surface resulting in grain refinement down to 10 nm. The applied potential influenced the deformation: at passive applied potential more strain was accumulated below the surface resulting in more pronounced grain refinement and higher density of defects. Using AES analysis no alumina transfer from the counter body or any significant burying of oxide below the surface could be detected.

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Section: Microstructure and Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EBSD, SEM and FIB characterisation of subsurface deformation during tribocorrosion of stainless steel in sulphuric acid

Perret

Boehm-Courjault

Cantoni

et al. 2010

Wear

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These findings further support formerly published data by Filip [15] revealing the complex character of the "friction layer". It is necessary to note that the friction layer is called "friction film" by several authors [17,18,19], and it was also described as "transfer layer" [20,21], "transfer film" [22], "third body" layer [17,23], "tribo-layer" [2], "tribofilm" [24], "mechanically mixed layer" (MML) [25], and as "first and secondary plateaus" [16,26]. Former work of Filip [27] clearly demonstrated that the friction layer consists of very fine wear particulates that are pressed and sintered together and chemistry of this layer can vary within one pad and also within one "patch".…”

Section: µM µMmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wear mechanism in automotive brake materials, wear debris and its potential environmental impact

Kukutschová

Roubíček

Malachová

et al. 2009

Wear

155

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A model semi-metallic brake lining was subjected to full scale automotive brake dynamometer tests. The structural properties and surface topography of brake linings were analyzed at different stages of wear testing and correlated to frictional performance. Characteristics of released wear particles were also addressed. A combination of abrasive and adhesive wear with oxidative processes dominated the friction process. Formation of a friction layer adhering to the friction surfaces of pads and discs is the major feature responsible for friction performance. Characteristics of the friction layer depend mostly on surface temperature, normal pressure, and sliding speed. It is a newly formed sintered composite matter consisting of a mixture of wear particulates. Wear rates and friction levels depend on chemistry, structure and hardness of the friction layer covering the surface of a pad or a disc; however, there is no simple Archard-type relationship between wear and measured hardness.Wear debris generated during the dynamometer tests was collected from containers placed under the brake inside dynamometer chamber. The collected debris was compared with ball-milled particles from identical brake lining. It is necessary to combine several analytical methods to characterize wear particles properly. The presence of copper and iron oxides as well as carbonaceous components is typical for all collected debris samples. Chemistry of wear debris resembles chemistry of the friction layer. Composition, mutagenic potency and pulmonary toxicity of wear debris and ball-milled particles were also analyzed. Mutagenic potency of initial friction composite and wear particles was evaluated by two in vitro bacterial microbioassays (SOS Chromotest, Ames test). Obtained results show potency of wear particles for interacting with DNA after metabolic activation, which indicates the presence of indirect mutagens. The pulmonary toxicity test on rats revealed an acute response of the lung tissue to the ball-milled particles. Further research is necessary to address the role of brake wear particles and potential impact of sub-chronic exposure to wear debris.

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“…The crack initiation phase is also caused by reaching accumulated critical plastic deformation at a particular depth [6]. In most cases, nucleated cracks grow parallel to the contact surface and cause material delamination (flanking phenomena) [7]. Merwin and Johnson [8] point to orthogonal shear strain deformation γ xz (see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for predicting ratcheting and wear in rolling contact fatigue, taking technological residual stresses into consideration

et al. 2017

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R. Halama i dr.Metoda za predviđanje plastične deformacije i trošenja kod zamora materijala zbog dodira valjanjem uzimajući u obzir tehnološka zaostala naprezanja Original scientific paper The main aim of our study is to show the influence of residual stresses on wear and surface ratcheting in the case of line rolling contact. Experiments were carried out on the innovated TUORS (Technical University of Ostrava Rolling Sliding testing machine) testing rig under free rolling and also under a slip ratio of 0,75 %. All specimens used for the experiments were made from R7T steel. A hole-drilling method and an X-ray diffraction method were applied to determine the residual stresses induced by repeated contact loading and technological residual stresses. Mazzu's semi-analytical approach, which makes use of full integration of the Armstrong-Frederick model, was used to simulate ratcheting and wear. The proposed model calibration methodology, based on an inverse approach, allows the model parameters to be determined directly from the measured wear. The results of this study confirm that the observed technological compressive residual stresses lead to lower ratcheting and subsequently also to lower wear rates. Keywords: ratcheting; residual stress; rolling contact fatigue; wear Metoda za predviđanje plastične deformacije i trošenja kod zamora materijala zbog dodira valjanjem uzimajući u obzir tehnološka zaostala naprezanjaIzvorni znanstveni rad Glavni cilj našega rada je pokazati utjecaj zaostalih naprezanja na trošenje i plastičnu deformaciju (ratcheting) površine u slučaju linijskog dodira valjanjem. Pokusi su provedeni na obnovljenoj TUORS (Technical University of Ostrava Rolling Sliding testing machine) opremi za ispitivanje kod slobodnog valjanja i također kod omjera klizanja od 0,75 %. Svi uzorci korišteni za pokuse izrađene su od čelika R7T. Metoda bušenja rupe i metoda rendgenske difrakcije primijenjene su kako bi se odredila zaostala naprezanja uzrokovana ponavljajućim dodirnim opterećenjem i tehnološki zaostalim naprezanjima. Za simulaciju plastične deformacije i trošenja primijenjen je Mazzuov polu-analitički pristup, koji koristi punu integraciju ArmstrongFrederick modela. Predložena metodologija kalibriranja modela na temelju inverznog pristupa, omogućuje određivanje parametara modela izravno iz izmjerenog trošenja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja potvrđuju da promatrana tehnološka tlačna zaostala naprezanja dovode do smanjenja plastične deformacije, stoga i do nižeg stupnja trošenja.

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Tribological layers and the wear of ductile materials

Cited by 129 publications

References 35 publications

EBSD, SEM and FIB characterisation of subsurface deformation during tribocorrosion of stainless steel in sulphuric acid

EBSD, SEM and FIB characterisation of subsurface deformation during tribocorrosion of stainless steel in sulphuric acid

Wear mechanism in automotive brake materials, wear debris and its potential environmental impact

A method for predicting ratcheting and wear in rolling contact fatigue, taking technological residual stresses into consideration

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