Trunk axial rotation in baseball pitching and batting

Fleisig, Glenn S.; Hsu, Wellington K.; Fortenbaugh, Dave; Cordover, Andrew M.; Press, Joel M.

doi:10.1080/14763141.2013.838693

Cited by 78 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, these events should occur sequentially along the kinematic chain with peak pelvic rotational velocity occurring first, then trunk, shoulder and finally bat. Maximal trunk axial angular acceleration in pitching (11,600°/s) and batting (7,200°/s) occur at lead foot contact and right after ball contact, respectively (Fleisig et al, 2013). The most physically challenging instant for the trunk and spine was found to be approximately at lead foot contact for pitching and after ball contact for batting (Fleisig, Chu, Weber, & Andrews, 2009; Fleisig et al, 2013).…”

Section: Potential Mechanical Mechanisms Underlying Lbpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximal trunk axial angular acceleration in pitching (11,600°/s) and batting (7,200°/s) occur at lead foot contact and right after ball contact, respectively (Fleisig et al, 2013). The most physically challenging instant for the trunk and spine was found to be approximately at lead foot contact for pitching and after ball contact for batting (Fleisig, Chu, Weber, & Andrews, 2009; Fleisig et al, 2013). Early or late timing in the respective kinematic phases of throwing or hitting forces body segments distal in the kinematic chain to compensate and generate higher muscular forces to maintain overall ball or bat speed.…”

Section: Potential Mechanical Mechanisms Underlying Lbpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part i

Wasser¹,

Zaremski

Herman³

et al. 2017

Research in Sports Medicine

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The prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among active baseball players ranges between 3 and 15%. The execution of baseball-specific manoeuvres, such as pitching or batting, may be related to the onset of LBP. These baseball motions are complex and require appropriate activation of the core musculature to produce a well-timed motion with forces minimized at the extremities. The spine, core and back musculature are involved with acceleration and deceleration of rotational motions. This narrative review synopsizes the available evidence of the prevalence of and mechanical factors underlying LBP in the baseball population. Possible mechanical mechanisms linking baseball play to LBP include aberrant motion, improper timing, high lumbar stress due to mechanical loading and lumbopelvic strength deficits. Potential clinical implications relating to these possible mechanical mechanisms will also be highlighted. The state of the evidence suggests that there are deficits in understanding the role of baseball motion and playing history in the development of spine conditions.

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Section: Potential Mechanical Mechanisms Underlying Lbpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Mechanical Mechanisms Underlying Lbpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part i

Wasser¹,

Zaremski

Herman³

et al. 2017

Research in Sports Medicine

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“…3,7,13,17,20 These muscles, especially the internal and external obliques, help transfer forces along the kinetic chain from the lower extremities to the upper extremities. 9 Accordingly, they are a common source of injury and time out of play in multiple sports, including professional baseball.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Impact of Abdominal Oblique Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball

Camp

Conte²,

Cohen

et al. 2017

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:Oblique injuries are known to be a common cause of time out of play for professional baseball players, and prior work has suggested that injury rates may be on the rise in Major League Baseball (MLB).Purpose:To better understand the current incidence of oblique injuries, determine their impact based on time out of play, and to identify common injury patterns that may guide future injury prevention programs.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:Using the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System, all oblique injuries that resulted in time out of play in MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) during the 2011 to 2015 seasons were identified. Player demographics such as age, position/role, and handedness were included. Injury-specific factors analyzed included the following: date of injury, timing during season, days missed, mechanism, side, treatment, and reinjury status.Results:A total of 996 oblique injuries occurred in 259 (26%) MLB and 737 (74%) MiLB players. Although the injury rate was steady in MiLB, the MLB injury rate declined (P = .037). A total of 22,064 days were missed at a mean rate of 4413 days per season and 22.2 days per injury. The majority of these occurred during batting (n = 455, 46%) or pitching (n = 348, 35%), with pitchers losing 5 days more per injury than batters (P < .001). The leading side was injured in 77% of cases and took 5 days longer to recover from than trailing side injuries (P = .009). Seventy-nine (7.9%) players received either a corticosteroid or platelet-rich plasma injection, and the mean recovery time was 11 days longer compared with those who did not receive an injection (P < .001).Conclusion:Although the rate of abdominal oblique injuries is on the decline in MLB, this is not the case for MiLB, and these injuries continue to represent a significant source of time out of play in professional baseball. The vast majority of injuries occur on the lead side, and these injuries result in the greatest amount time out of play. The benefit of injections for the treatment of oblique injuries remains unknown.

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“…Generally, the stance of a swing is identified with the style of a batter and varies widely between batters. Fleisig, Hsu, Fortenbaugh, Cordover, and Press (2013) reported foot and trunk positions varied widely between batters during stance. It is common to see batters moving around during their stance preparing for the incoming pitch: swaying their hips, moving their back foot, bending their knees, and even wiggling their bat.…”

Section: Body Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic comparison of baseball batting off of a tee among various competition levels

Dowling

Fleisig

2016

Sports Biomechanics

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Determining and understanding baseball batting mechanics at various competition levels may help players and coaches identify key kinematics crucial to being a successful hitter. The purpose of this study was to compare batting kinematics across competition levels. Kinematic and temporal data were analysed for 170 male batters (youth n = 33; high school n = 69; college n = 22; professional n = 46) using 3D motion capture (480 Hz). The results showed differences in angular positions between competition levels during the five phases of the swing, with the greatest differences seen between the youth and professional batters. At the instant of ball contact, professional batters held the bat farther away from their body, with greater back shoulder abduction (35°) and less back elbow flexion (78°) compared to youth (27° and 89°, respectively). These differences were associated with greater back elbow extension velocity for professionals (1539°/s) compared to youth (1174°/s). Additionally, higher level batters had higher bat angular and linear velocities compared to the youth batters. As batters progress through their career, they should focus on their back arm by keeping their elbow up and their arm extended in front of them.

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Trunk axial rotation in baseball pitching and batting

Cited by 78 publications

References 29 publications

Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part i

Prevalence and proposed mechanisms of chronic low back pain in baseball: part i

Epidemiology and Impact of Abdominal Oblique Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball

Kinematic comparison of baseball batting off of a tee among various competition levels

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