Tubular and Glomerular Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Newborns

Abstract

Background:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden decrease in kidney function. In the early period, the highest percentage of AKI occurs among newborns hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care units, especially premature neonates. The prognosis of AKI depends on the type and severity of the cause of an injury, the accuracy and the time of diagnosis and treatment. The concentration of serum creatinine is still the main diagnostic test, although it changes in the course of AKI later than glomerular filtration rate GFR. In addition, the reliability of the determination of creatinine level is limited because it depends on many factors. New studies have presented other, more useful laboratory markers of renal function that can be measured in serum and/or in urine.Objective:The aim of the work was to present the latest data about tubular and glomerular biomarkers of acute kidney injury in newborns.Methods:We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature by using focused review topics. According to the conceptual framework, the main idea of research literature has been summarized and presented in this study.Results:The concentrations of some novel biomarkers are higher in serum and/or urine of term and preterm newborns with AKI, especially in the course of perinatal asphyxia.Conclusion:In this systematic review of the literature, we have highlighted the usefulness of biomarkers in predicting tubular and/or glomerular injury in newborns. However, novel biomarkers need to prove their clinical applicability, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness prior to their implementation in clinical practice.

Toxicological effects of thimerosal on rat kidney: a histological and biochemical study

“…Increased BUN generally indicates glomerular damage. Whereas, creatinine is a metabolite that is excreted entirely in the urine through glomerular filtration and a rise of its level in the blood is a sign of reduced renal function (Kamianowska et al, 2019). Along with this, the augmented urea, urobilinogen, creatinine, urinary proteins, and decreased albumin, creatinine clearance are the markers for severe oxidative damage to the kidneys (Khan et al, 2010).…”

Gestational age, sex, and time affect urine biomarker concentrations in extremely low gestational age neonates

“…We chose urine biomarkers which have been reported in the literature as plausible biomarkers of AKI. 10 , 33 , 34 Urine was analyzed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham on multi-analyte electrochemiluminescent with a Meso QuickPlex SQ120 multiplexing imager (Meso Scale Discovery (MSD), Gaithersburg, MD). Albumin, B2M, cystatin C, EGF, NGAL, OPN, and UMOD were measured with MSD Human Kidney Injury Panel 5.…”

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles and/or Bee Venom against STZ-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Nephropathy

“…These findings reveled the relationship between hyperglycemia and an increase in BUN and creatinine concentrations and confirm that hyperglycemia is a major cause of progressive renal damage [ 68 ]. BUN and creatinine are the simplest tests for evaluation of kidney diseases either in acute or chronic status; they are natural waste products for amino acids and creatine metabolism, and usually their levels are elevated during kidney diseases [ 15 ]. Reduction of serum albumin concentration is known to be one of the characteristic markers for both hepatic and renal diseases [ 69 ].…”

“…DN is characterized by structural and functional abnormalities [ 12 , 13 ] including albuminuria [ 14 ], basement membrane thickening and accumulation of extracellular matrix, and hypertrophy with loss of glomerular epithelial cells [ 13 ]. Measurement of plasma urea and creatinine is widely regarded as a test of renal function [ 15 ].…”