Tuning the particle size and morphology of high energetic material nanocrystals

Kumar, Raj; Siril, Prem Felix; Soni, Pramod Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.dt.2015.07.002

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…34,35 Nanoparticles of HECs (RDX and HMX) were prepared by the EASAI method using acetone as solvent at 70 °C. 36 This method is not only limited to HECs but also useful for the nanoformulation of different simple organic compounds. Nanocrystals of various poorly water-soluble drugs could be prepared using the EASAI method to enhance their solubility and hence the bioavailability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering the Morphology and Particle Size of High Energetic Compounds Using Drop-by-Drop and Drop-to-Drop Solvent–Antisolvent Interaction Methods

2019

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Morphology-controlled precipitation of three powerful organic high energetic compounds (HECs) viz. cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT) was achieved by two different processes, namely, drop-by-drop (DBD) and drop-to-drop (DTD) solvent–antisolvent interaction methods. Effect of different experimental parameters on the mean size and morphology of the prepared submicron-sized particles of HECs was investigated thoroughly. The DBD method favors the formation of nanosized particles of RDX and TNT at lower concentrations (5 mM). However, a significant increase in the mean particle size occurred at higher concentrations (25 and 50 mM). Formation of facetted crystals of RDX, HMX, and nanorods of TNT was observed at higher concentrations because of the interaction of crystal facets with the antisolvent. Relatively, smaller sized, spherical particles of RDX and HMX could be prepared through the DTD method even at higher concentrations (25 mM). The DTD method is a continuous process and hence is a facile method for industrial applications. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that RDX, HMX and TNT were precipitated in their most stable polymorphic forms α, β, and monoclinic, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal response of the nano-HECs was similar to the respective raw-HECs. A slight decrease in crystallinity and the melting point was observed because of the decrease in the mean particle size.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering the Morphology and Particle Size of High Energetic Compounds Using Drop-by-Drop and Drop-to-Drop Solvent–Antisolvent Interaction Methods

2019

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“…This might be because more time was required for processing larger batches which gives time for particles to grow in size than reported solvent-antisolvent based processes used for nanoscale HNS production which used very small quantity of~1.3 g HNS per batch [11]. Similarly, very small batch size varying from 0.25 to 1 g or millimolar dilute concentrations of other explosives like HMX, RDX and CL-20 have been reported to be used to achieve their preparation in nanosize [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Moreover, open literature provides little information on whether nano-size HNS will be produced even on increasing the batch size.…”

Section: Particle Size and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Reduction of HNS to Nanoscale by in Tandem Application of Chemo‐mechanical methods

Pandita

Arya

Kaur

et al. 2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the extent of particle size reduction of HNS and its characterization by applying sequentially the solvent based crystallization, ultrasonication, and ball‐milling. It was found that submicron ultrafine HNS (UF‐HNS) of mean diameter ∼0.5 μm with a size range extending to micron scale (∼3 μm) was produced by the solvent‐antisolvent crystallization process. This HNS was subsequently subjected to long duration ultrasonication up to 28 h and planetary ball milling up to 8 h. The HNS particles were characterized for morphology and particle size by scanning electron microscope (SEM), laser diffraction‐based and dynamic light scattering based particle size analyzer (PSA). The structural analysis was done by FTIR and thermal stability by the thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The residual solvent content was estimated by headspace GC‐MS. Impact and friction sensitivity were evaluated by BAM fall hammer and friction sensitivity tester. Compared to ultrasonication varying from 4 h to 28 h, planetary ball milling of the micron‐sized HNS caused the size reduction to maximum extent and resulted in production of nano‐scale HNS (∼300 nm average diameter) with a very narrow size distribution of less than 1 μm which had lower impact sensitivity, thermal stability and lesser residual solvent content compared to micron‐sized HNS (UF‐HNS). Thus, nanoscale HNS with a very narrow size distribution was produced by application of the mechanical method of ball milling sequentially to the solvent based crystallization process.

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“…Later on this method was extensively used for the nanoformulation of APIs due to the simplicity, cost effectiveness and easyness to scale it up [12]. If a suitable solvent-antisolvent pair can be identified, the antisolvent precipitation process is a simple and effective technique to produce nanosized particles [13,14]. The same method can be used to produce polymer stabilized drug nanoparticles when the polymer is present in the antisolvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol stabilized griseofulvin nanoparticles

Kumar

Siril

2016

Materials Today: Proceedings

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Tuning the particle size and morphology of high energetic material nanocrystals

Cited by 39 publications

References 46 publications

Engineering the Morphology and Particle Size of High Energetic Compounds Using Drop-by-Drop and Drop-to-Drop Solvent–Antisolvent Interaction Methods

Engineering the Morphology and Particle Size of High Energetic Compounds Using Drop-by-Drop and Drop-to-Drop Solvent–Antisolvent Interaction Methods

Size Reduction of HNS to Nanoscale by in Tandem Application of Chemo‐mechanical methods

Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol stabilized griseofulvin nanoparticles

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