Turing’s Two Tests for Intelligence

Sterrett, Susan G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0105-2_3

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It provides a fair basis for comparison: the woman (either as a participant in the game or as a concept) acts as a neutral point so that the two players can be assessed in how well they imitate something which they are not. Philosophers also commented on the gender-based IG (see Piccinini, 2000;Sterrett, 2000;Traiger, 2000, for a recent discussion). We will return to a discussion of the original gender-based game later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pragmatics in human-computer conversations

Saygın

Çiçekli

2002

Journal of Pragmatics

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This paper provides a pragmatic analysis of some human-computer conversations carried out during the past six years within the context of the Loebner Prize Contest, an annual competition in which computers participate in Turing Tests. The Turing Test posits that to be granted intelligence, a computer should imitate human conversational behavior so well as to be indistinguishable from a real human being. We carried out an empirical study exploring the relationship between computers' violations of Grice's cooperative principle and conversational maxims, and their success in imitating human language use. Based on conversation analysis and a large survey, we found that different maxims have different effects when violated, but more often than not, when computers violate the maxims, they reveal their identity. The results indicate that Grice's cooperative principle is at work during conversations with computers. On the other hand, studying human-computer communication may require some modifications of existing frameworks in pragmatics because of certain characteristics of these conversational environments. Pragmatics constitutes a serious challenge to computational linguistics. While existing programs have other significant shortcomings, it may be that the biggest hurdle in developing computer programs which can successfully carry out conversations will be modeling the ability to 'cooperate'. 0 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pragmatics in human-computer conversations

Saygın

Çiçekli

2002

Journal of Pragmatics

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“…Gender is regarded as an important feature in Turing's game by some (Copeland & Proudfoot 2008;Sterrett, 2000;Lassègue, 1996;Hayes & Ford, 1995;Genova, 1994). The contention is that both man and machine impersonating a woman provides a stronger test for intelligence.…”

Section: Gender In the Imitation Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

“…That the man's task is to deceive exposes a view that deception requires being clever in a way that a woman may not be, or, as Lassègue (1996) put it, to Turing there was a "secret connection between gender and intelligence" (p. 8). Sterrett (2000) puts forward a test for machine intelligence that is more American-centric than anthropocentric. Her illustration involves knowledge of baseball, an American sport: "Three strikes and you're out" (p.85).…”

Section: Imitating a Womanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imitating Gender as a Measure for Artificial Intelligence: - Is It Necessary?

Shah

Warwick

2016

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence

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Abstract:Should intelligent agents and robots possess gender? If so, which gender and why? The authors explore one root of the gender-in-AI question from Turing's introductory male-female imitation game, which matured to his famous Turing test examining machine thinking and measuring its intelligence against humans. What we find is gender is not clear cut and is a social construct. Nonetheless there are useful applications for gendercued intelligent agents, for example robots caring for elderly patients in their own home.

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“…It involves limiting a human test subject to the communication level of a computer (via a computer termminal). The computer and human communications are then contrasted by a human interrogator who is unaware which is which [22,23]. The 'structured mistake' that makes the competing streams indistinguishable was supposed proof of equivalence of machine and human intelligence.…”

Section: The History Of Testing For Machine Intelligence and Conscioumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…External behaviour of the agent is decisive. The test is a specialised refinement of the "Total Turing Test" [21], which has origins that go all the way back to the original Turing Test [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Framework for Objective Testing for P-Consciousness in an Artificial Agent

Hales¹

2009

TOAIJ

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Two related and relatively obscure issues in science have eluded empirical tractability. Both can be directly traced to progress in artificial intelligence. The first is scientific proof of consciousness or otherwise in anything. The second is the role of consciousness in intelligent behaviour. This document approaches both issues by exploring the idea of using scientific behaviour self-referentially as a benchmark in an objective test for P-consciousness, which is the relevant critical aspect of consciousness. Scientific behaviour is unique in being both highly formalised and provably critically dependent on the P-consciousness of the primary senses. In the context of the primary senses P-consciousness is literally a formal identity with scientific observation. As such it is intrinsically afforded a status of critical dependency demonstrably no different to any other critical dependency in science, making scientific behaviour ideally suited to a self-referential scientific circumstance. The 'provability' derives from the delivery by science of objectively verifiable 'laws of nature'. By exploiting the critical dependency, an empirical framework is constructed as a refined and specialised version of existing propositions for a 'test for consciousness'. The specific role of P-consciousness is clarified: it is a human intracranial central nervous system construct that symbolically grounds the scientist in the distal external world, resulting in our ability to recognise, characterise and adapt to distal natural world novelty. It is hoped that in opening a discussion of a novel approach, the artificial intelligence community may eventually find a viable contender for its long overdue scientific basis.

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Turing’s Two Tests for Intelligence

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Pragmatics in human-computer conversations

Pragmatics in human-computer conversations

Imitating Gender as a Measure for Artificial Intelligence: - Is It Necessary?

An Empirical Framework for Objective Testing for P-Consciousness in an Artificial Agent

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