Turpentines

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Turpentine as a Natural Product 2. History 3. Definition and Classification 4. Production 4.1. Gum Turpentine 4.2. Wood Turpentine 4.3. Sulfate Turpentine 4.4. Sulfite Turpentine 4.5. Destructively Distilled Wood Turpentine 5. Composition 6. Physical Properties 7. Chemical Properties 8. Analysis 9. Safety and Occupational Health 10. Storage and Transportation 11. Ecological Aspects 12. Uses 13. Economic Aspects 14. Toxicology 15. Turpentine Substitute 16. Pine Oil 16.1. Production 16.2. Properties 16.3. Storage and Transportation 16.4. Uses 16.5. Economic Aspects

Myrcene as a Natural Base Chemical in Sustainable Chemistry: A Critical Review

“…0.75 wt % turpentine is obtained. [35] The yield increases with the age of the stumps. Because of the dwindling supply of tree stumps in recent years, this route has become less important.…”

“…Worldwide approximately 10 9 t terpenes are generated per year. [35] Up to one liter of monoterpenes can be produced from the amount of needles spread on an area of one square meter around a conifer. [35] Depending on starting material and production method, gum, sulfate, and wood turpentine are distinguished.…”

“…[35] Up to one liter of monoterpenes can be produced from the amount of needles spread on an area of one square meter around a conifer. [35] Depending on starting material and production method, gum, sulfate, and wood turpentine are distinguished. The worldwide production of turpentine oils is estimated to be 330 000 t. In the following, we want to go into more detail on turpentine, giving an impression of the natural availability and emphasizing that there is an already established industry based on natural balsams of trees.…”

“…Black pines afford annually 2.5-5 kg balsam. [35] Further processing of the crude balsam takes place by vacuum distillation, where colophony remains as residue. Depending on species, climate, and other conditions 14-20 % turpentine and 70-75 % colophony (rosin) are obtained.…”

“…Depending on location, date of the wood harvest, and the length of storage the yield of sulfate turpentine is 6-16 kg t À1 of pulp for a pine, about 2 kg t À1 for a spruce, and 2-3 kg t À1 for a fir. [35] The Field wormwood [22] 11.2 Bay leaf, type "anise" [23] 12.8 Bay leaf, type "clove" [23] 6.4 Ylang-ylang fruit [24] 24.7 Carrot leaf [25] 7.5 Wild thyme [26] 39.1 Jambu flower [27] 11.8 Juniper berry [28] 11.0 Juniper needle [29] 5.5 Lemongrass [30] 10.3 Leaf oil from Zanthoxylum ovalifolium [31] 19.8 annual production of crude sulfate turpentine accounts for about 230 000 t. The USA is the biggest producer with an amount of about 110 000 t every year. Prices of turpentine are linked to the pulp industry.…”