Tweens’ Wishful Identification and Parasocial Relationships With YouTubers

Tolbert, Amanda Nicole; Drogos, Kristin L.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02781

Cited by 69 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The theory was originally proposed to explain the development of social relationships between media figures and their audiences (Horton & Wohl, 1956), and is widely used to explain how people form pseudointimate relationships with TV personalities (Rubin & Perse, 1987; Stern et al, 2015), TV shopping hosts (Park & Lennon, 2004), or influencers on social media (Tolbert & Drogos, 2019). The literature reports that parasocial relationships are associated with positive outcomes, such as positive consumer attitudes and behaviors (Chung & Cho, 2017; Park & Lennon, 2004).…”

Section: Literature Review and Hypotheses Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

"I Like Your Suggestion!" the role of humanlikeness and parasocial relationship on the website versus voice shopper's perception of recommendations

Whang

2020

Psychology and Marketing

116

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Voice assistants are changing the way consumers shop. Guided by the anthropomorphism literature and parasocial interaction theory, this study investigated how the new unique relationship between consumers and artificial intelligence‐powered voice assistants may affect the way consumers evaluate the recommended products through two experiments. Study 1 (n = 85, students) employed a 2 (shopping medium type: voice assistant vs. website) × 2 (interaction style: task‐oriented vs. socially‐oriented) between‐subjects design lab experiment. Study 2 (n = 418, Mechanical Turk) employed a 2 (shopping medium type: voice assistant vs. website) × 2 (product type: search vs. experience) between‐subjects online experiment. The results suggested that consumers may perceive voice assistants as pseudohuman agents detached from the service provider while perceiving websites as a tool or interface used by the provider, resulting in a more positive perception and evaluation of websites. As one of the few studies investigating voice assistants from the consumer perspective, this study contributes to the growing body of research in voice assistants. The study also contributes to anthropomorphism literature and parasocial interaction theory by confirming the causal relationship between humanlikeness and parasocial relationships.

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Section: Literature Review and Hypotheses Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

"I Like Your Suggestion!" the role of humanlikeness and parasocial relationship on the website versus voice shopper's perception of recommendations

Whang

2020

Psychology and Marketing

116

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“…In the past, celebrities were only known through conventional media, being movie stars, television personalities, musicians, or artists in general. YouTube has changed this reality, as YouTubers have emerged as celebrities, having millions of subscribers or followers on their channels and making profits of millions of dollars annually ( Tolbert and Drogos, 2019 ). The term YouTuber refers to a video blogger who regularly posts videos on their personal YouTube channel.…”

Section: Youtube As a Social Network That Generates Digital Communitimentioning

confidence: 99%

Kid influencers in Spain: understanding the themes they address and preteens' engagement with their YouTube channels

Castillo-Abdul

Romero-Rodríguez

Larrea-Ayala

2020

Heliyon

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This research analyses the contents of the videos of the ten Spanish children's YouTube channels with the highest number of followers and video plays to identify correlations between the thematic axes of the videos and the increase in digital engagement data. Little is known about the topics that the most popular Spanish-language YouTube influencers share with preteens and young adults' audience. In response, this exploratory study will use content analysis to examine this gap and contrast the themes that its videos reflect against others. For this purpose, interpretive-based content analysis is carried out based on an analysis sheet validated by expert judgment. Among the main results, it is shown that most of the children who are the lead character of the channel are currently between 10 and 12 years old, having created the channels an average of five years ago, which shows how early many YouTubers are starting in this industry. There are also differences in the thematic axes of the channels' videos according to the gender of the children's influencers, with a higher representation of male YouTubers devoted to gameplays, while their female peers have a more significant presence in videos in the lifestyle category. It is concluded that there is a need to supervise the contents accessed by children on this platform since it can deepen not only gender gaps but also become a wrong reference of role models.

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“…The next section focused on the character and narrative elements of the video; three Wishful Identification questions were adapted from Hoffner (1996) which have been used in a similar age DOI: 10.31236/osf.io/jp2fz SportRxiv is free to access, but not to run. Please consider donating at www.storkinesiology.org/annual group in previous research (Tolbert and Drogos;Steinke et al, 2012). For the music questions three questions were adapted from the Brunel Music Rating Inventory (Karageorghis et al, 1999), these were the questions relating to the speed of the music and how motivating children felt this was, the association factor of the music and the Avengers, and finally whether having the music helped them to exercise for longer.…”

Section: Procedures and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Earth’s Mightiest Heroes Help Children be Physically Active? Exploring the Immersive Qualities of Les Mills’ and Marvel’s “Move Like the Avengers” Video

Budzynski-Seymour¹,

Steele²,

Jones³

2021

Preprint

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Increasing children’s physical activity (PA) is a key public health concern. Recently there have been calls for more enjoyable PA interventions which focus on ensuring a positive affective response, yet this remains an under researched area. This study explored how using a narrative, characters, and music in a video-led PA session might influence the sense of immersion in the activity, and subsequently impact the affective response. One hundred and thirty-six participants (boys n= 65, girls n= 71) were recruited from both the United Kingdom (UK) (n=108) and outside the UK (n=28) with the majority of the sample (85%) being aged between 7-11 years old. Participants were required to complete the “Move Like the Avengers” PA video created by Les Mills and Marvel, and then complete a survey where they answered questions relating to their post activity affective responses, the use of a narrative with characters, the use of musical elements, and how immersed they felt when engaging. Positive average affective responses were found for children (valence mean score: 3.6 ±2.2, arousal mean score: 5.1 ±1.0) who engaged with the video. Further, structural equation modelling revealed the narrative with characters had little direct effect but did indirectly mediate the valence response through creating a sense of immersion (βstd = 0.122 [95%CI 0.013 to 0.231]; p = 0.012). Musical elements however had both a direct (βstd = 0.449 [95%CI 0.264 to 0.634]; p < 0.001), and an indirect (βstd = 0.122 [95%CI 0.014 to 0.229]; p = 0.011) effect upon valence. Arousal was not influenced by the narrative with characters whether directly or indirectly but musical elements though not having an indirect effect mediated by immersion, did have a direct effect upon arousal (βstd = 0.244 [95%CI 0.006 to 0.482]; p = 0.021). The results suggest that both narrative with characters, and the use of musical elements, led to a positive affective response and that the former effect may be mediated by their potential influence over immersion. Thus, these could be effective elements to include in a physical activity setting with children to support a positive affective response to the experience.

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Tweens’ Wishful Identification and Parasocial Relationships With YouTubers

Cited by 69 publications

References 38 publications

"I Like Your Suggestion!" the role of humanlikeness and parasocial relationship on the website versus voice shopper's perception of recommendations

"I Like Your Suggestion!" the role of humanlikeness and parasocial relationship on the website versus voice shopper's perception of recommendations

Kid influencers in Spain: understanding the themes they address and preteens' engagement with their YouTube channels

Can Earth’s Mightiest Heroes Help Children be Physically Active? Exploring the Immersive Qualities of Les Mills’ and Marvel’s “Move Like the Avengers” Video

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