Twenty-Five Years of Domoic Acid Monitoring in Galicia (NW Spain): Spatial, Temporal and Interspecific Variations

Abstract

Prevalence, impact on shellfish resources and interspecific, spatial, and temporal variabilities of domoic acid (DA) in bivalves from Galicia (NW Spain) have been studied based on more than 25 years of monitoring data. The maximum prevalence (samples in which DA was detected) (100%) and incidence (samples with DA levels above the regulatory limit) (97.4%) were recorded in Pecten maximus, and the minimum ones in Mytilus galloprovincialis (12.6 and 1.1%, respectively). The maximum DA concentrations were 663.9 mg kg−1 in P. maximus and 316 mg kg−1 in Venerupis corrugata. After excluding scallop P. maximus data, DA was found (prevalence) in 13.3% of bivalve samples, with 1.3% being over the regulatory limit. In general, the prevalence of this toxin decreased towards the North but not the magnitude of its episodes. The seasonal distribution was characterized by two maxima, in spring and autumn, with the later decreasing in intensity towards the north. DA levels decreased slightly over the studied period, although this decreasing trend was not linear. A cyclic pattern was observed in the interannual variability, with cycles of 4 and 11 years. Intoxication and detoxification rates were slower than those expected from laboratory experiments, suggesting the supply of DA during these phases plays an important role.

Marine natural products

“…Natural Product Reports related toxins including tetrodotoxin in shellsh in southern England, 632 and Central and Northern Adriatic Sea, 633,634 and domoic acid in mussels (Turkey), 635 and bivalves (NW Spain), 636 have also been described. Brevetoxins have been reported in French Mediterranean mussels for the rst time.…”

“…The seasonal and location variations of levels of cyclic imine toxins in northern Adriatic Sea mussels, oysters, scallops and edible ascidians, 627 gymnodimine A in Spanish molluscs, 628 lipophilic toxins in shellfish from SE China, 629 and Southern Gulf of California, 630 and okadaic acids and pectenotoxin-2 toxins and associated algal species in a lagoon in Sardinia, 631 have been reported. The distribution of other mollusc/bivalve related toxins including tetrodotoxin in shellfish in southern England, 632 and Central and Northern Adriatic Sea, 633,634 and domoic acid in mussels (Turkey), 635 and bivalves (NW Spain), 636 have also been described. Brevetoxins have been reported in French Mediterranean mussels for the first time.…”

Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

“…Not all bivalve species have the same capability to accumulate DA; the differences observed can be related to the depuration rate. Most bivalves depurate DA very fast, except the king scallop Pecten maximus and the razor clam Siliqua patula , which accumulate high concentrations of DA [ 153 ]. ASP symptoms usually appear in humans 24–48 h after the consumption of DA-bearing bivalve mollusks.…”

Comparative study of domoic acid accumulation, isomer content and associated digestive subcellular processes in five marine invertebrate species

“…Notwithstanding, profound inter-specific variability in the toxicokinetics of accumulation and depuration rates of DA burdens have been reported between several invertebrate species in the same affected area (Costa et al, 2004(Costa et al, , 2005aBogan et al, 2007a,b,c;Lage et al, 2012;Ben haddouch et al, 2016;Dusek Jennings et al, 2020;Blanco et al, 2021;Kvrgić et al, 2022). Thus, invertebrates have been broadly classified as "fast" or "slow" DA-depurators (Blanco et al, 2002a,b;Basti et al, 2018).…”

“…Therefore, these species have been considered as slow DA-depurators. Notwithstanding, during Pseudonitzschia outbreaks, the king scallop P. maximus is usually amongst the most contaminated species (James et al, 2005;Blanco et al, 2002aBlanco et al, , 2021. Levels of DA exceeding up to 5-fold the European regulatory limit of 20 mg kg -1 are not unusual in P. maximus (Blanco et al,2006;Bogan et al, 2007a,b;García-Corona et al, 2022).…”