Two Crinivirus-Conserved Small Proteins, P5 and P9, Are Indispensable for Efficient Lettuce infectious yellows virus Infectivity in Plants

Qiao, Wenjie; Helpio, Erin L.; Falk, Bryce W.

doi:10.3390/v10090459

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…While the function of the small protein encoded by this extra ORF remains unknown, it has been shown that p9 of lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) self-interacts [16], which is characteristic of RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) encoded by different viruses [17][18][19]. In line with this, it has been reported that p9 is required for establishing efficient infection and pathogenicity [20]. However, function of p9 and analogous proteins in criniviruses as RSS needs to be experimentally demonstrated.…”

Section: The Family Closteroviridae: a Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing into the Effects of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses on the Physiology, Fruit Quality and Gene Expression of Grapes

Song

Hanner

Meng

2021

Viruses

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Grapevine leafroll is one of the most widespread and highly destructive grapevine diseases that is responsible for great economic losses to the grape and wine industries throughout the world. Six distinct viruses have been implicated in this disease complex. They belong to three genera, all in the family Closteroviridae. For the sake of convenience, these viruses are named as grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -13). However, their etiological role in the disease has yet to be established. Furthermore, how infections with each GLRaV induce the characteristic disease symptoms remains unresolved. Here, we first provide a brief overview on each of these GLRaVs with a focus on genome structure, expression strategies and gene functions, where available. We then provide a review on the effects of GLRaV infection on the physiology, fruit quality, fruit chemical composition, and gene expression of grapevine based on the limited information so far reported in the literature. We outline key methodologies that have been used to study how GLRaV infections alter gene expression in the grapevine host at the transcriptomic level. Finally, we present a working model as an initial attempt to explain how infections with GLRaVs lead to the characteristic symptoms of grapevine leafroll disease: leaf discoloration and downward rolling. It is our hope that this review will serve as a starting point for grapevine virology and the related research community to tackle this vastly important and yet virtually uncharted territory in virus-host interactions involving woody and perennial fruit crops.

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Section: The Family Closteroviridae: a Brief Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing into the Effects of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses on the Physiology, Fruit Quality and Gene Expression of Grapes

Song

Hanner

Meng

2021

Viruses

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“…1A). In addition to PBNSPaV, other members of the family Closteroviridae also encode small molecular weight proteins (P3.5, P6, and P8) [13][14][15][16][17]. However, these proteins are different from the P6 protein in this study in coding position and homology with P6 in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Contrast to PBNSPaV-P6, the subcellular localization of other small proteins encoded by viruses in the family Closteroviridae might be different. For example, the P6 protein encoded by Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) distributes in the cytoplasm and nucleus [13], and P5 protein encoded by lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized integral membrane protein capable of inducing ER stress [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of subcellular localization and pathogenicity of Plum bark necrosis stem-pitting associated virus protein P6

Mou

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV) has been reported in many prunus species in several countries, causing significant economic losses. The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance. However, numerous studies have indicated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection. The role of small hydrophobic protein P6, encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV, has not been well explored. In this study, we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain. Subcellular localization analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes in cytomembrane and nuclear membrane. To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins, a PVX-P6 expression vector was constructed by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X (PVX)-based vector and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101. Infiltration of N. benthamiana with the PVX vector-transformed A. tumefaciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation. Meanwhile, infiltration with the PVX-P6 vector-transformed A. tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms. These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N. benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX. Our study indicates that p6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms, and mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remain to be further studied.

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“…A non-virion protein, P26, which is encoded by lettuce infectious yellows crinivirus, is PD-localized and essential for viral systemic infection [13]. Small proteins P5 and P9, which are encoded by LIYV RNA2, are indispensable for efficient viral infectivity in plants [14]. Movement proteins differ among cloteroviruses; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the CCYV protein P4.9 is a movement protein.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different plant viruses use different host cell transport machinery to move from one cell to another through the PD [17–21]. A previous study of LIYV P5 and P9 showed that neither protein was essential for viral infection, but that knocking out either protein led to debilitated LIYV infection [14], suggesting that these two proteins may participate in viral movement. Similarly, the P6 protein of closteroviruses BYV and CTV has been found to be involved in viral movement [10–12].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus P4.9 as a possible movement protein

Ying

Shi

Han

et al. 2019

Virol J

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Background Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a bipartite cucurbit-infecting crinivirus within the family Closteroviridae . The crinivirus genome varies among genera. P4.9 is the first protein encoded by CCYV RNA2. P5, which is encoded by LIYV, is necessary for efficient viral infectivity in plants; however, it remains unknown whether CCYV P4.9 is involved in movement. Finding In this study, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) to examine the intracellular distribution of P4.9-GFP in plant cells, and observed fluorescence in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Transient expression of P4.9 was localized to the plasmodesmata. Co-infiltration of agrobacterium carrying binary plasmids of P4.9 and GFP facilitated GFP diffusion between cells. Besides P4.9 was able to spread by itself to neighboring cells, and co-localized with a marker specific to the endoplasmic reticulum, HDEL-mCherry, but not with the Golgi marker Man49-mCherry. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate that CCYV P4.9 is involved in cell–cell movement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1192-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Two Crinivirus-Conserved Small Proteins, P5 and P9, Are Indispensable for Efficient Lettuce infectious yellows virus Infectivity in Plants

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Probing into the Effects of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses on the Physiology, Fruit Quality and Gene Expression of Grapes

Probing into the Effects of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses on the Physiology, Fruit Quality and Gene Expression of Grapes

Analysis of subcellular localization and pathogenicity of Plum bark necrosis stem-pitting associated virus protein P6

Identification of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus P4.9 as a possible movement protein

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