Two hytrosaviruses, MdSGHV and GpSGHV, induce distinct cytopathologies in their respective host insects

Lietze, Verena-Ulrike; Abd-Alla, Adly M. M.; Boucias, Drion G.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2011.03.006

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Interestingly, the results under TEM observation revealed doubt in musculature in the outermost part of the salivary gland in male C. megacephala . This phenomenon was related to the absence described in M. domestica [23] or in the salivary duct of the female scorpion fly, Panorpa obtusa [28]. The membrane infoldings of salivary gland cells was observed as analogous to the complex of the labyrinth channel, in accordance with investigations in C. capitata [27], C. hemipterous [15], or even mouse [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Ultrastructure of the salivary glands should be researched increasingly, based on verification of salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (SGHVs), which are entomopathogenic and induce salivary gland hypertrophy in dipteran hosts [22]. Recently, two hytrosaviruses, MdSGHV and GpSGHV, were found to induce distinct cytopathology in the salivary glands of M. domestica and the tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes , respectively [23], causing pathological symptoms after infection. Thereby, MdSGHV may have potential in a management strategy for house fly populations [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alimentary Canal of the Adult Blow Fly,Chrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)—Part I: Ultrastructure of Salivary Glands

Boonsriwong

Chaiwong

Chaisri

et al. 2012

Journal of Parasitology Research

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The salivary gland ultrastructure of the adult male blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was investigated at the ultrastructural level using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The salivary glands are paired structures composed of a single median deferent duct bifurcated into two long, narrow efferent ducts connected to the coiled tubular glands. The SEM image of the gland surface revealed that the basal lamina is relatively smooth in general, but the whole surface appeared as a trace of rough swollen insertion by intense tracheal ramification. Ultrastructurally, the salivary gland is enclosed within the basal lamina, and interdigitation cytoplasmic extensions were apparent between the adjacent gland cells. The basement membrane appeared infoldings that is similar to the complex of the labyrinth channel. The cytoplasm characteristic of the gland revealed high activity, based on the abundance of noticeable secretory granules, either singly or in an aggregated reservoir. In addition, mitochondria were found to intersperse among rich parallel of arrays rough endoplasmic reticulum. Thick cuticle, which was well-delineated and electron dense, apically lined the gland compartments, with discontinuity of the double-layer cuticle revealing a trace of secretion discharged into the lumen. Gross anatomy of the adult salivary gland was markedly different from that of the third instar of the same species, and structural dissimilarity is discussed briefly.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alimentary Canal of the Adult Blow Fly,Chrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)—Part I: Ultrastructure of Salivary Glands

Boonsriwong

Chaiwong

Chaisri

et al. 2012

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…However, the lack of overt symptoms, the endemic prevalence of the infection, the lack of susceptible cell lines, and the chronic nature of SGHV infections have hindered the identification of additional SGHV–fly associations (Kariithi et al, 2013). Within the Hytrosaviridae family, GpSGHV infecting Glossina pallidipes and MdSGHV infecting Musca domestica have been sequenced and characterized (Lietze et al, 2011a). Despite inducing similar gross symptoms, these two viruses possess distinct molecular and pathological properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike GpSGHV, MdSGHV causes only symptomatic infections in M. domestica and induces SGH by cell hypertrophy but not cell proliferation (Lietze et al, 2011a). With this virus, the SGH is due to massive viral DNA replication and morphogenesis in the SG nuclei, resulting in hypertrophied gland tissue (Lietze et al, 2011a). This virus, although non-lytic, is shed continuously into SG lumens and subsequently deposited in the fly's crop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of the Housefly, Musca domestica, to the Hytrosavirus Replication: Impacts on Host's Vitellogenesis and Immunity

Kariithi

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Hytrosaviridae family members replicate in the salivary glands (SGs) of their adult dipteran hosts and are transmitted to uninfected hosts via saliva during feeding. Despite inducing similar gross symptoms (SG hypertrophy; SGH), hytrosaviruses (SGHVs) have distinct pathobiologies, including sex-ratio distortions in tsetse flies and refusal of infected housefly females to copulate. Via unknown mechanism(s), SGHV replication in other tissues results in reduced fecundity in tsetse flies and total shutdown of vitellogenesis and sterility in housefly females. We hypothesized that vitellogenesis shutdown was caused by virus-induced modulation of hormonal titers. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate virus-induced modulation of host genes/pathways in healthy and virus-infected houseflies, and we validated expression of modulated genes (n = 23) by RT-qPCR. We also evaluated the levels and activities of hemolymph AMPs, levels of endogenous sesquiterpenoids, and impacts of exogenous hormones on ovarian development in viremic females. Of the 973 housefly unigenes that were significantly modulated (padj ≤ 0.01, log2FC ≤ −2.0 or ≥ 2.0), 446 and 527 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. While the most downregulated genes were related to reproduction (embryogenesis/oogenesis), the repertoire of upregulated genes was overrepresented by genes related to non-self recognition, ubiquitin-protease system, cytoskeletal traffic, cellular proliferation, development and movement, and snRNA processing. Overall, the virus, Musca domestica salivary gland hytrosavirus (MdSGHV), induced the upregulation of various components of the siRNA, innate antimicrobial immune, and autophagy pathways. We show that MdSGHV undergo limited morphogenesis in the corpora allata/corpora cardiaca (CA/CC) complex of M. domestica. MdSGHV replication in CA/CC potentially explains the significant reduction of hemolymph sesquiterpenoids levels, the refusal to mate, and the complete shutdown of egg development in viremic females. Notably, hormonal rescue of vitellogenesis did not result in egg production. The mechanism underlying MdSGHV-induced sterility has yet to be resolved.

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“…These observations suggest that GpSGHV virions egress from the infected cell via disintegration of the plasma membrane. This is remarkably different from MdSGHV, where recent studies have demonstrated that the particles migrate to and bud out of the plasma membrane bordering the salivary gland lumen (Boucias et al, 2012;Lietze et al, 2011a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Correlation between structure, protein composition, morphogenesis and cytopathology of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus

Kariithi

Lent

Boeren

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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The Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) is a dsDNA virus with rodshaped, enveloped virions. Its 190 kb genome contains 160 putative protein-coding ORFs. Here, the structural components, protein composition and associated aspects of GpSGHV morphogenesis and cytopathology were investigated. Four morphologically distinct structures: the nucleocapsid, tegument, envelope and helical surface projections, were observed in purified GpSGHV virions by electron microscopy. Nucleocapsids were present in virogenic stroma within the nuclei of infected salivary gland cells, whereas enveloped virions were located in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of infected cells appeared disordered and the plasma membranes disintegrated. Treatment of virions with 1 % NP-40 efficiently partitioned the virions into envelope and nucleocapsid fractions. The fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and analysis of the tryptic peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry. Using the MaxQuant program with Andromeda as a database search engine, a total of 45 viral proteins were identified. Of these, ten and 15 were associated with the envelope and the nucleocapsid fractions, respectively, whilst 20 were detected in both fractions, most likely representing tegument proteins. In addition, 51 host-derived proteins were identified in the proteome of the virus particle, 13 of which were verified to be incorporated into the mature virion using a proteinase K protection assay. This study provides important information about GpSGHV biology and suggests options for the development of future anti-GpSGHV strategies by interfering with virus-host interactions.

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Two hytrosaviruses, MdSGHV and GpSGHV, induce distinct cytopathologies in their respective host insects

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Alimentary Canal of the Adult Blow Fly,Chrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)—Part I: Ultrastructure of Salivary Glands

Alimentary Canal of the Adult Blow Fly,Chrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)—Part I: Ultrastructure of Salivary Glands

Responses of the Housefly, Musca domestica, to the Hytrosavirus Replication: Impacts on Host's Vitellogenesis and Immunity

Correlation between structure, protein composition, morphogenesis and cytopathology of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus

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