Two methods to adapt the human haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation algorithm to the blood of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and to determine the accuracy of pulse oximetry

Haymerle, Agnes; Knauer, Felix; Walzer, Chris

doi:10.1111/vaa.12334

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the values of SaO 2 might not be accurate since they are calculated from an algorithm based on a human oxygen dissociation curve (ODC), which does not reflect the actual SaO 2 in giraffes, as it is likely that the ODC is left shifted in this species. This is similar to other megaherbivores [49]. Although the calculated SaO 2 values are not representative of the actual value of haemoglobin saturation, and, as such, cannot be used to validate the pulse-oximeter sensitivity, the fact that, in our study, the measured levels of PaO 2 are mostly within physiologic ranges suggests that the SpO 2 values recorded with the pulse-oximeter are not reliable.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study

Vitali

Kariuki

Mijele

et al. 2020

Animals

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Etorphine-azaperone immobilisation was evaluated for translocation of Masai giraffes. Nine giraffes were darted with 0.012 ± 0.001 mg/kg etorphine and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg azaperone. Once ataxic, giraffes were roped for recumbency and restrained manually. Naltrexone (3 mg/mg etorphine) was immediately given intravenously to reverse etorphine-related side effects. Protocol evaluation included physiological monitoring, blood-gas analyses, anaesthetic times, and quality scores (1 = excellent, 4 = poor). Sedation onset and recumbency were achieved in 2.6 ± 0.8 and 5.6 ± 1.4 min. Cardio-respiratory function (HR = 70 ± 16, RR = 32 ± 8, MAP = 132 ± 16) and temperature (37.8 ± 0.5) were stable. Arterial gas analysis showed hypoxaemia in some individuals (PaO2 = 67 ± 8 mmHg) and metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.23 ± 0.05, PaCO2 = 34 ± 4 mmHg, HCO3− = 12.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l). Minor startle response occurred, while higher induction-induced excitement correlated to longer inductions, worse restraint, and decreased HCO3−. After 19 ± 3.5 min of restraint, giraffes were allowed to stand and were loaded onto a chariot. Immobilisations were good and scored 2 (1–3). Inductions and recoveries were smooth and scored 1 (1–2). Translocations were uneventful and no complications occurred in 14-days boma follow-up.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study

Vitali

Kariuki

Mijele

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Similarly, inconsistent pulse oximetry values have been reported in various wildlife species, including white rhinoceroses (Fahlman et al . 2010 ; Haymerle, Knauer & Walzer 2016 ; Mich et al . 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, two methods to adapt the human haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation algorithm to the blood of white rhinoceroses (p50 = 20 mmHg) and to determine the accuracy of pulse oximetry were presented (Haymerle et al . 2016 ). The study showed that the SaO 2 values that were calculated using the species-adapted algorithms were ~15% higher than the values calculated by the blood gas analyser (Haymerle et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pulmonary gas exchange and acid–base status during immobilisation of black rhinoceroses (<i>Diceros bicornis</i>) in Zimbabwe

Fahlman

Edner

Wenger

et al. 2016

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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When immobilising wildlife, adverse side effects can include hypoxaemia, acidosis and hypertension. Pulmonary gas exchange and acid–base status were evaluated during immobilisation of 25 free-ranging and one boma-held black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in Zimbabwe. The effect of different body positions on arterial oxygenation was evaluated. A combination of the following drugs was used: an opioid (etorphine or thiafentanil), azaperone and an α2-adrenoceptor agonist (detomidine or xylazine). Respiratory and heart rates, rectal temperature and pulse oximetry–derived haemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. Serial arterial blood samples were analysed immediately in the field. Marked hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were recorded in immobilised free-ranging black rhinoceroses. Arterial oxygenation was higher during sternal compared to lateral recumbency. Most rhinoceroses developed acidaemia of respiratory and metabolic origin. Initially high lactate concentrations in free-ranging rhinoceroses decreased during immobilisation. Pulse oximetry was unreliable in the detection of hypoxaemia. Positioning in sternal recumbency and routine use of oxygen supplementation are recommended in the management of immobilised rhinoceroses as measures to improve arterial oxygenation.

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“…Standard blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry indicate an alarmingly low oxygenation status under opioid immobilisation that is in conflict with uneventful recoveries [1,4–6]. Haymerle et al reported SaO 2 values as low as 39% and SpO 2 values as low as 42% in clinically healthy, opioid-immobilised animals generated by commercially available devices [7]. Baumann et al presented the p50 and Hill coefficient determined for white rhinoceros haemoglobin (based on measurements on one blood sample from a single white rhinoceros) and showed that its oxygen binding properties are modulated by pH and CO 2 but not by DPG [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odd haemoglobins in odd-toed ungulates: Impact of selected haemoglobin characteristics of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) on the monitoring of the arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin

et al. 2019

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BackgroundDue to the current poaching crisis in Africa, increasing numbers of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) require opioid immobilisation for medical interventions or management procedures. Alarmingly, the results of both blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry regularly indicate severe hypoxaemia. Yet, the recovery of the animals is uneventful. Thus, neither of the techniques seems to represent the real oxygenation level. We hypothesized that unusual haemoglobin characteristics of this species interfere with the techniques developed and calibrated for the use in human patients.MethodsHaemoglobin was isolated from blood samples of four adult, white rhinoceroses. Oxygen dissociation curves at pH 7.2 and 7.4 (37°C) were determined based on the absorbance change of haemoglobin in the Soret-region (around 420 nm). Absorbance spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin extending into the infrared region were measured.ResultsOxygen dissociation curves of rhinoceros haemoglobin showed the typical high oxygen affinity (p50 of 2.75 ± 0.07 and 2.00 ± 0.04 kPa for pH 7.2 and 7.4, respectively) under near-physiological conditions with respect to pH, temperature and DPG. The infrared absorbance spectra of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin showed only marginal deviations from standard human spectra, possibly due to the presence of a few percent of methaemoglobin in vitro.ConclusionsOur data enables the development of a rhinoceros-specific blood gas analysis algorithm, which allows for species-specific calculation of SaO2 levels in anaesthetized animals. The inconspicuous absorbance spectra do not contribute to the systematic underestimation of SpO2 by pulse-oximetry.

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Two methods to adapt the human haemoglobin–oxygen dissociation algorithm to the blood of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and to determine the accuracy of pulse oximetry

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study

Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study

Pulmonary gas exchange and acid–base status during immobilisation of black rhinoceroses (<i>Diceros bicornis</i>) in Zimbabwe

Odd haemoglobins in odd-toed ungulates: Impact of selected haemoglobin characteristics of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) on the monitoring of the arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin

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