Two-photon polymerization of titanium-containing sol–gel composites for three-dimensional structure fabrication

Comparison of in Situ and ex Situ Methods for Synthesis of Two-Photon Polymerization Polymer Nanocomposites

“…Photosensitive nanocomposites can be synthesized by adding TiO 2 nanoparticles. In comparision with common photoresists these materials have been applied to fabricate microstructures by two-photon polymerization (2PP) [13][14][15][16]. 2PP processing is a polymerization process initiated by two-photon absorption (2PA).…”

“…Firstly, the researcher wrote the 2PP structure in the polymer, and then produced the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, Sakallari fabricated 2PP structures with refractive index 1.54 [16]. We compare two different strategies of generation of 2PP structures in high refractive index nanocomposites: This article reports in situ and ex situ preparation of high refractive index polymer/TiO 2 nanocomposites and analysis of structurability by 2PP when increasing the TiO 2 nanoparticles concentration.…”

Laser Engineering of Surface Structures

“…At even higher energies, non-linear focal-point optics is used for selective photopolymerization or machining of material. Two-photon polymerization, a liquid-based rapid prototyping technology based on this approach, has been used for the fabrication of small-scale three-dimensional medical devices out of several types of photosensitive materials, including epoxy oligomer-containing commercial photoresist (SU-8), acrylate-based polymers, organically modified ceramic materials, titanium-containing sol gel composite materials and zirconium oxide-based hybrid materials [95][96][97][98][99]. Nearly simultaneous absorption of two 800-nm photons from a femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser by the photoinitiator induces an electronic excitation analogous to excitation by the ultraviolet light region of the electromagnetic spectrum [100,101].…”

Direct laser writing of microoptical structures using a Ge-containing hybrid material

“…The co-polymerization of a silicon alkoxide with another metal alkoxide has 1873-1988/$ -see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.metmat.2011.04.002 been shown to enhance the material mechanical stability and allow the modification of its refractive index [7,8]. The incorporation of germanium (Ge) alkoxides in a photosensitive sol-gel is particularly interesting, as they possess high optical transparency in the visible and nearinfrared part of the spectrum [9,10].…”