Two-photon polymerization with diode lasers emitting ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate

Zyla, Gordon; Surkamp, Nils; Gurevich, Evgeny L.; Esen, Cemal; Klehr, A.; Knigge, Andrea; Hofmann, Martin R.; Ostendorf, Andreas

doi:10.1364/ol.401738

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary research field that applies materials and biological sciences to create artificial organs and tissue matrices [13]. Micro-/nanostructured biomaterials with specific characteristics and functions are in great demand in biomedical applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, numerous studies have been devoted to the manufacture of the surface pattern of biomaterials for exploring the role of contact guidance. In recent years, two-photon polymerization nanolithography micro/nanomanufacturing technology has become a powerful and useful manufacturing tool, which can generate two-dimensional (2D) to threedimensional (3D) arbitrary micro/nanotopologies of various materials with high spatial resolution, thus arousing great interest in cell and tissue engineering [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of the Surface Topographical Cues of Biomaterials on Nerve Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

Stem Cells International

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The surface topographies of artificial implants including surface roughness, surface groove size and orientation, and surface pore size and distribution have a great influence on the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of nerve cells in the nerve regeneration process. Optimizing the surface topographies of biomaterials can be a key strategy for achieving excellent cell performance in various applications such as nerve tissue engineering. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the surface topographies of nerve implants and their effects on nerve cell behavior. This review also emphasizes the latest work progress of the layered structure of the natural extracellular matrix that can be imitated by the material surface topology. Finally, the future development of surface topographies on nerve regeneration was prospectively remarked.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Surface Topographical Cues of Biomaterials on Nerve Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Review

Liu

et al. 2021

Stem Cells International

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“…It has already been demonstrated that monolithically mode-locked diode lasers are in principle suitable for 2PP, as shown in Ref. 19. However, ten individual scans at a speed of 10 µm/s were required to polymerize a single line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon polymerization with a 780 nm monolithic diode laser

Behlau,

Surkamp,

Wohlfeil

et al. 2024

Laser 3D Manufacturing XI

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Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP) is a high-precision additive manufacturing technique enabling the creation of intricate three-dimensional structures with sub-100 nm resolution. By focusing an ultrashort laser pulse within a photosensitive material, the nonlinear process of two-photon absorption is initiated in the vicinity of the laser focus. This results in the curing of a small volume with a size below the diffraction limit. However, the widespread adoption of 2PP in research and industry has been hindered by its expensive experimental setup. The largest cost factor in the experimental setup is the laser source, as an ultrashort pulsed laser system is required. Conventionally, fiber lasers or titanium-doped sapphire lasers are used. In contrast, the use of a diode laser could significantly reduce the cost of the laser source. In this work, we report the first structures fabricated by 2PP using a newly developed monolithically mode-locked diode laser. The diode laser has a pulse width of 7 ps, a peak power of 34 W , a repetition rate of 6.6 GHz, and a center wavelength of 780 nm. The center wavelength of 780 nm is crucial for optimal absorption of the laser radiation by the photoresists commonly used in 2PP. As a result, single lines could be fabricated with 2PP in a single scan, enabling the fabrication of three-dimensional structures in a reasonable process time. The process and the laser parameters were optimized and compared with respect to the highest possible scan speed.

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“…To avoid 2‚» photon absorption to cure SU8 photoresist without a post‚bake was investigated in 21 , where 1700 nm fs‚pulses were used and conclude that in their setup thermal curing of the material had larger impact than MPP. In 2020 Zyla et al used a compact monolithic picosecond (ps‚)laser diode and have achieved structural dimensions comparable to those generated by traditional MPP laser sources 22 . Wegener's group reported two‚step absorption instead of MPP in 2021 23 where a real electron (defect) state instead of a virtual was used for excitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-photon laser direct write 3D nanolithography

Malinauskas

Skliutas

Samsonas³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Polymerized voxels by focusing ultrashort pulses varying wavelength over three-octaves wide range for femtosecond laser direct write 3D nanoprinting are studied. A possibility to use any color of spectrum from 500-nm-to-1200-nm with a controlled pulse width of 100-fs reveals delicate interplay of photo-physical mechanisms more than just two-photon absorption inducing localized photo-polymerization. None of the applied exposure conditions ensured significantly higher spatial definition than 200-nm in width using SZ2080TM photosensitized and pure materials, yet it allowed tuning the voxel aspect ratio and greatly influenced dynamic fabrication window determined by the resolution bridges method. An effective order of absorption, i.e., the nef-photon process of absorption, and exposure per pulse (energy, fluence, intensity) was assessed for ultra-short pulses varying wavelengths as it has the paramount influence to the established multi-photon polymerization (MPP) process. Here an evolution of the polymerised volume via different energy delivery mechanisms: one-/two-/three-photon absorption, avalanche ionization, thermal diffusion leading to controlled photo-polymerization are revealed. The results can be used to tailor polymerized volume for increasing the 3D nano-printing performance. A non-trivial energy deposition by X-photon absorption observed with an onset of a strong lateral size increase at the higher pulse energy at longer wavelengths and can be understood as due to reaching epsilon-near-zero conditions. Findings are valuable for the developing MPP technology to reduce the footprint size and increase its efficiency. Understanding mechanisms and appearance of λ-tunable commercial lasers are benefiting broad applications in advanced optical additive manufacturing areas of micro-optics, nano-photonic devices, meta-materials, and integrated-chips, and tissue engineering.

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Two-photon polymerization with diode lasers emitting ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

The Influence of the Surface Topographical Cues of Biomaterials on Nerve Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Review

The Influence of the Surface Topographical Cues of Biomaterials on Nerve Cells in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Review

Two-photon polymerization with a 780 nm monolithic diode laser

X-photon laser direct write 3D nanolithography

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