Types of floral nectaries and the concepts ‘character’ and ‘character-state‘-a reconsideration

Smets, Erik; Cresens, Erwin

doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1988.tb01586.x

Cited by 84 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This model of nectary structure has been reported for many other plant species (Durkee 1983;Fahn 1979Fahn , 1988Fahn , 2000Bernardello 2007;Davies and Stpiczyńska 2008), regardless of taxonomic position and nectary location (e.g. 'nectaria caduca' and 'nectaria persistentia' sensu Smets and Crescens 1988). Moreover, the secretory cells of F. meleagris share many features with the nectaries of other plant species in that they are small with large nuclei, small vacuoles and dense, intensely staining cytoplasm with abundant endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and secretory vesicles.…”

Section: Nectary Structuresupporting

confidence: 73%

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

2012

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The structure of perigonal nectaries, nectar production and carbohydrate composition were compared at various stages in the lifespan of the flower of Fritillaria meleagris L. The six nectaries each occupied a groove that is located 2-4 mm above the tepal base. The average nectary measured 11.0 mm long and 1.0-1.2 mm wide. The structure of nectaries situated on both inner and outer tepal whorls was identical, and at anthesis they were equally accessible to potential pollinators. However, secretion from nectaries associated with inner tepals tended to exceed that produced by nectaries located on the outer tepals. On average, regardless of flower stage, one flower secreted 10.87 ± 12.98 mg of nectar (mean and SD; N = 182). The nectar concentration ranged between 3 and 75%, with average concentration of sugars exceeding 50%. Both nectar production and concentration were dependent on the stage of anthesis, with the highest scores being recorded during full anthesis (21.75 ± 16.08 mg; 70.5%, mass and concentration, respectively) and the lowest at the end of anthesis (1.32 ± 2.69 mg; 16.9%, mass and concentration, respectively). A decline in both mass of nectar secreted and nectar concentration during the final stage of anthesis indicates nectar resorption. Nectar was composed of sucrose, glucose and fructose in approx. equal quantities, and its composition did not change significantly during subsequent stages of flowering. The nectaries comprised a single-layered secretory epidermis and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma. The nectariferous cells did not accumulate starch during any of the investigated stages. The nectary was supplied with one large and several smaller vascular bundles comprising xylem and phloem. Transport of assimilates and nectar secretion by protoplasts of secretory cells (and probably also nectar resorption) were facilitated by cell wall ingrowths present on the tangential walls of epidermal cells and subepidermal parenchyma. Epidermal cells lacked stomata. Nectar passed across the cell wall and through the cuticle which was clearly perforated with pores.

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Section: Nectary Structuresupporting

confidence: 73%

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

2012

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“…The nectary glands in white dogwood flowers are open nectaries, freely exposed to pollinating insects (Drabble 1927), and belong to the persistent nectaries (Smets 1988;Smets and Cresens 1988), remaining at the top of the fruit as a darkened region. Similar nectaries, in the form of a ring-like collar surrounding the style of the pistil, have also been observed in other genera from Cornaceae (except in Davidia) as well as in some representatives of different families (Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Ericaceae, Rubiaceae) (Takhtadžân 1980;Nicolson et al 2007, and references wherein).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower nectary structure in Cornus alba L.

Konarska

2010

Plant Syst Evol

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The structure of the floral nectaries of Cornus alba was studied using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the nectary gland of white dogwood had the shape of a fleshy ring surrounding the base of the style of the inferior ovary. Nectar secretion occurs through slightly depressed stomata, evenly distributed in the epidermis of the nectary. The nectariferous tissue is composed of over a dozen layers of heterogeneously structured cells. Between groups of cells with a typical structure, characteristic for the secretory tissue, cells occur with degenerated content and a high degree of vacuolization. In the area of the nectary gland cells, no vascular tissue elements were observed. The nectary was irrigated by the vasculature of the flower receptacle.

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“…Petanidou (2007) reports that in Ranunculus the nectaries are located in the lower part of the tepals as "honey pockets." In Caltha the nectaries have been placed in the gynopleural type, since the nectariferous trichomes are located on the carpels (Smets and Cresens, 1988). Aquilegia, Delphinium and Aconitum have nectariferous spurs (Erbar et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staminodial Nectary Structure in Two Pulsatilla (L.) Species

Weryszko-Chmielewska¹,

Sulborska²

2011

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica

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In plants belonging to the Ranunculaceae the floral nectaries may differ in origin, location in the flower, shape and structure. In many cases they are defined as modified tepals or modified stamens. The nectary organs in this family are frequently termed "honey leaves," and staminodial origin is attributed to them. Gynopleural and receptacular nectaries are rarely found in Ranunculaceae. To date there are no reports on the structure of the nectary organs in plants of the genus Pulsatilla. We used light and scanning electron microscopy to study the location and structure of the nectaries in Pulsatilla slavica and P. vulgaris flowers. The staminodial nectaries were found to be nectar-secreting organs. The number of stamens per flower (102-398) increases with plant age. The share of staminodes is 12-15%. The staminodes are composed of a filament and a modified head. They are green due to the presence of chloroplasts in the epidermal and parenchymal cells. The parenchymal cells are in a loose arrangement. Stomata (3-20), through which nectar exudation occurred, were found only in the abaxial epidermis of the staminode head. The stomata are evenly distributed and have well-developed outer cuticular ledges. Some of them are immature during nectar secretion, with their pores covered by a layer of cuticle. During the activity of the nectariferous organs in the flowers, primary (on the staminode surface) and secondary nectar (at the base of tepals) are presented. The staminodes of the two Pulsatilla species show similar structural features and have similar shares in the androecium.K Ke ey y w wo or rd ds s: : Staminodial nectaries, structure, micromorphology, nectar exudation, Pulsatilla slavica, P. vulgaris. ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 53

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Types of floral nectaries and the concepts ‘character’ and ‘character-state‘-a reconsideration

Cited by 84 publications

References 14 publications

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

Flower nectary structure in Cornus alba L.

Staminodial Nectary Structure in Two Pulsatilla (L.) Species

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