IntroductionThe properties of materials are driven to extreme conditions under high pressures, the highest of which is generated by shock compression. First described by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 [1], 'a shock is a travelling wave front across which a discontinuous, adiabatic jump in state variables takes place'. Investigations of materials under shock compression cast light on a broad range of phenomena that are not fully understood in the areas of high-energy-density physics, earth and planetary sciences, aerospace engineering, and materials science. The three main progenitors of shock compression can be considered as: explosion, impact, and plasma [2]. Respectively, the most popular platforms for shock wave generation in the
AbstractA high-power, nanosecond pulsed laser impacting the surface of a material can generate an ablation plasma that drives a shock wave into it; while in situ x-ray imaging can provide a timeresolved probe of the shock-induced material behaviour on macroscopic length scales. Here, we report on an investigation into laser-driven shock compression of a polyurethane foam and a graphite rod by means of single-pulse synchrotron x-ray phase-contrast imaging with MHz frame rate. A 6 J, 10 ns pulsed laser was used to generate shock compression. Physical processes governing the laser-induced dynamic response such as elastic compression, compaction, pore collapse, fracture, and fragmentation have been imaged; and the advantage of exploiting the partial spatial coherence of a synchrotron source for studying low-density, carbon-based materials is emphasized. The successful combination of a high-energy laser and ultra high-speed x-ray imaging using synchrotron light demonstrates the potentiality of accessing complementary information from scientific studies of laser-driven shock compression.