Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of a Metal–Organic Framework: A Green General Chemistry Laboratory Project

Abstract

An instructional research-like multiweek laboratory project for a second-semester introductory general chemistry laboratory course has been developed. The ultrasonic-assisted synthesis method using low cost commercial ultrasonic cleaners has the convenience of running multiple students’ reactions simultaneously. Taking advantage of short reaction time, the green metal–organic framework project has been developed to facilitate experimental synthesis, characterization, and application of a porous material and debriefing of results during a normal laboratory period (about 3 h/class). This project provides the opportunity for instructors to introduce students to the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry, the environmental impact of chemistry, modern solid-state analytical techniques, and a research-like experience of materials science.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Activity Exploration of MOF-74: A Research-Style Laboratory Experiment

“…As is well-known, PXRD is an effective tool to evaluate the purity and characterizations of materials . Therefore, after obtaining MOF-74 samples and grinding them to powder, PXRD characterization was first performed with the 2 theta ranging from 5° to 80° with a scanning rate of 5° min –1 .…”

Facile Synthesis of a Metal–Organic Framework for Removal of Methyl Blue from Water: First-Year Undergraduate Teaching Lab

“…Notably, conventional solvothermal processes for the growth of MOF crystals often demand an extended reaction time (e.g., 12–72 h), which may cause problems for laboratory experiment designs owing to the strict time limit. To shorten the reaction time, microwave- and/or ultrasonic-assisted synthesis methods can be applied for the fast growth of MOF crystals. , Nevertheless, these methods require microwave reactors and/or ultrasonic cleaners, which are rarely available in teaching laboratories. Therefore, the magnetic stirring-assisted method for the fast and easy synthesis of ZIF-8 proposed here is more suitable for laboratory experiment designs.…”

“…Lyle et al introduced the concept of postsynthetic modification by changing amine groups on IRMOF-3 (isoreticular metal–organic framework-3) into amide groups and explored a series of MOF-808 samples as superacid catalysts . Liu et al proposed an ultrasonic-assisted method for the synthesis of HKUST-1 (HKUST = Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) with a highlight on green and sustainable chemistry . Very recently, Sakamaki et al reported the mild synthesis of a series of MOFs, including MOF-5, ZIF-8, and MIL-101 (Fe) (MIL = Materials of Institute Lavoisier) and applied them to iodine capture and drug encapsulation .…”

“…13 Liu et al proposed an ultrasonicassisted method for the synthesis of HKUST-1 (HKUST = Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) with a highlight on green and sustainable chemistry. 14 ). Moreover, safety issues become more complex when the class size increases; therefore, complicated starting materials, toxic solvents, and harsh reaction conditions for MOF synthesis should be avoided in large classes.…”

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-Ones: A Comparison of Selected Green Chemistry Methods

“…Besides microwave-assisted synthesis, another efficient green method used to accelerate the organic conversions is an ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The generated high local pressure and temperature inside the bubbles, which collapse, results in remarkable advantages such as enhanced yields, shorter reaction time and better selectivity [42].…”