Ultrasonographic evaluation of bladder volume in children

Abstract

Although ultrasound has been recently used to estimate bladder volume, several different formulae are used. We analysed the accuracy of ultrasound evaluation of bladder volume with an ultrasound scanner equipped with a videocassette recorder. We determined three dimensions of the bladder, i.e. depth (D), height (H) and width (W) by reviewing videotapes in 53 children. D x H x W (DHW) showed a good linear relationship with actual bladder volume (r = 0.96). Estimation of bladder volume by the regression equation gave errors of 12.5 +/- 8.6% (mean +/- SD) with errors above 25% in only 6% of children. Estimation of the volume by simply multiplying DHW by a correction factor of 0.80 gave a greater error of 18.9 +/- 14.0% (P < 0.001) with errors above 25% in 24% of children. Thus, the use of the formula volume (ml) = DHW (cm3) x 0.68+4 was sufficiently accurate in the ultrasound estimation of bladder volume in children.

Sonographic Evaluation of Bladder Volume in Diabetic Children and Adolescents Compared With Nondiabetic Subjects

“…28,29 Patients with better metabolic control, as evidenced by average glycosylated hemoglobin levels, had lower bladder volumes, confirming the findings of other authors. 14,28 The events of puberty associated with an average time from diagnosis of 5 years establish a landmark for the beginning of chronic complications of diabetes. 16,30 In our sample, the average time from diagnosis was 4.2 years, with 68.7% of the patients having a time of less than 5 years from diagnosis and only 8.1% having a time of 10 or more years.…”

“…In the diabetic group, the expected prevalence of increased bladder volume was 20%, a lower value than that reported for children and adolescents. [12][13][14] Because the diabetic group consisted of younger children, we considered it prudent to use a prevalence rate lower than that reported in the literature, which meant a larger sample size. Using these estimated prevalence rates of 10% and 20%, we arrived at a sample size of 219 children in each group.…”

“…The anteroposterior diameter of the transverse cut (H) was obtained by measuring the largest diameter perpendicular to the transverse cut. 14,15 Laboratory analysis was done with glycosylated hemoglobin; it was measured by microchromatography with reference values of 5.3% to 8.0%. 16 The average glycosylated hemoglobin value was calculated from the 3 yearly measurements done in each patient.…”

Ultrasonographic evaluation of bladder volume in young children

“…The bladder was scanned immediately before cathcterisation for voiding cystourethrography. Scanning was performed as described previously [5]. Briefly, the bladder was scanned in both the sagittal and transverse planes using a 5-MHz convex transducer and a real-time ultrasound scanner (Hitachi EUB 450) equipped with a videocassette recorder and a playback interface unit, which enabled bladder dimensions to be measured on reviewed pictures.…”

“…However, since an infant's bladder has the characteristics of hyperactive detrusor smooth muscle and is supposed to be purely a reflex organ [4], it is likely that a specific formula Correspondence to: M. Hiraoka may be needed for accurate ultrasonographic estimation of bladder volume in infants. In a previous study [5] we proposed a formula for accurate ultrasonographic evaluation of bladder volume in older children who had already established bladder control. In the present study, we scanned the bladders of the young children who had not established bladder control and compared the three dimensions of the bladders with those in older children.…”