“…In Co 3 O 4 , the Co 3+ site is considered as an electrocatalytically active site for the OER by enhancing the deprotonation of OOH* species 11 to O 2 ; similarly, in the nickel oxide surface, Ni 3+ is considered as a highly active site for the OER. 12 Several techniques have been applied to improve the electrocatalytic activities, such as utilizing conductive carbon supports, 13,14 introducing heterointerfaces, 15,16 and doping elements. 17,18 Among these approaches, fabricating heterostructures could modulate the surface electronic structure, induce synergistic effects among different components, and expose more active sites.…”