Uncommon Terpenoids from Salvia Species: Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities

Abstract

The search for new bioactive compounds from plant sources has been and continues to be one of the most important fields of research in drug discovery. However, Natural Products research has continuously evolved, and more and more has gained a multidisciplinary character. Despite new developments of methodologies and concepts, one intriguing aspect still persists, i.e., different species belonging to the same genus can produce different secondary metabolites, whereas taxonomically different genera can produce the same compounds. The genus Salvia L. (Family Lamiaceae) comprises myriad distinct medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine worldwide that show different pharmacological activities due to the presence of a variety of interesting specialized metabolites, including mono-, sesqui-, di-, sester-, tri-, tetra-, and higher terpenoids as well as phenylpropanoids, phenolic acid derivatives, lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids. We herein summarize the research progress on some uncommon terpenoids, isolated from members of the genus Salvia, which are well recognized for their potential pharmacological activities. This review also provides a current knowledge on the biosynthesis and occurrence of some interesting phytochemicals from Salvia species, viz. C23-terpenoids, sesterterpenoids (C25), dammarane triterpenoids (C30), and uncommon triterpenoids (C20+C10). The study was carried out by searching various scientific databases, including Elsevier, ACS publications, Taylor and Francis, Wiley Online Library, MDPI, Springer, Thieme, and ProQuest. Therefore, 106 uncommon terpenoids were identified and summarized. Some of these compounds possessed a variety of pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic and tubulin tyrosine ligase inhibitory activities. Due to the lack of pharmacological information for the presented compounds gathered from previous studies, biological investigation of these compounds should be reinvestigated.

Green synthesis of spermine coated iron nanoparticles and its effect on biochemical properties of Rosmarinus officinalis

“…Each Terpenes compound was quantified using a calibration curve prepared with each standard (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and a co-chromatogram of the standards and samples. The experiments were repeated thrice, and each sample was assayed in triplicate 36 , 37 .…”

Role of Terpenoids Active Ingredients Targeting for Neuroprotective Agents

“…Terpenoids are compounds that have an integral number of C5 units and are formed from the basic branch C5 unit isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) [35][36] The name "terpenoid" refers to a molecule that has an integral number of C5 units. Terpenoids are comprised of a wide variety of different structural subtypes, each of which confers a specific set of biological effects on the larger group of molecules that they belong to [37][38]. These effects include the creation of cell membranes, the transmission of signals, immunomodulation, the regulation of inflammation, antioxidation, and the inhibition of many enzymes [39][40] Terpenoids and the semisynthetic derivatives of terpenoids have the potential to be useful neuroprotective medicines in the treatment of a variety of neurological and cognitive disorders.…”

“…This is accomplished by specialised interaction with a variety of neuronal targets [30]. The discovery of small molecules that can block A interactions with its extracellular and intracellular targets [31], minimise stress kinase signalling cascades [32], prevent caspase activation [33] and pro-apoptotic protein expression [34], inhibit excessive tau protein phosphorylation [35], counteract cholinergic function loss [36], promote the trophic state and neuron plasticity [37], and hinder reacquaintance [38] are all examples of practical neuroprotective approaches It is important to note that the neuroprotective agents demonstrate their effects in more than one way, which is the case with some of the agents. This is especially relevant when considering combinations and extracts of natural items that contain more than one bioactive ingredient.…”

Uhplc/MS Assessment of Polyphenolic Acids and Radical Scavenging Activity of Salvia Species From the South-West of Romania Flora

“…The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of Salvia spp. extracts was spectrophotometrically assessed [4,14,15,28]. After incubating the assay mixture for 30 minutes in the dark at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm.…”

“…Polyphenols are highly abundant in sage and are represented by phenolic acids (mainly derivatives of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, a dimer of caffeic acid reported as the most common, salvianolic acids, ferulic and isoferulic acids, chlorogenic acid, yunnaneic acids) and flavonoids (quercitin, luteolin, apigenin and catechin) [21]. Phytochemical analyses of sage also revealed the presence of terpenoids, reporting diterpenoids (clerodane, labdane, icetaxane and pimarane) as most abundant [42], but triterpenoids such as lupanes, ursanes and oleananes are also present, along with a modest share of mono-and sesterpenoids [14]. Salvia spp.…”