Underground pollution travel from leach pits of on-site sanitation facilities: a case study

Banerjee, Goutam

doi:10.1007/s10098-010-0331-3

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In a study of 12 pour/flush latrines, Banerjee (2011) found that transport of total and fecal coliforms increased during the monsoon period and in sandy soils. The author noted that the maximum travel distance of bacteria was 10 m from pits (Figure 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloride is typically transported with minimal retention during groundwater flow, and concentrations frequently track with nitrate levels (Banks et al 2002; Caldwell 1938b; Caldwell and Parr 1937; Jacks et al 1999; Lewis et al 1980; Tandia et al 1999) unless subsurface conditions promote nitrate reduction (Ahmed et al 2002). Variable distributions of latrine contaminants resulting from pumping and seasonal fluctuations have been demonstrated by studies using chloride salts as tracers (Banerjee 2011; Lewis et al 1980). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Banks et al (2002) suggested that pit latrines should be located no less than 15–30 m from groundwater abstraction points and should terminate no less than 1.5–2.0 m above the water table. Banerjee (2011) concluded that, with the exception of fissured rock, the safe distance between a pit latrine and water source is 10 m. Vinger et al (2012) suggested that wells are likely to be contaminated if pit latrines are < 12 m away.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review

Graham

Polizzotto

2013

Environ Health Perspect

360

287

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Background: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health.Objectives: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for and consequences of groundwater contamination by latrines.Methods: We used existing survey and population data to calculate global pit latrine coverage. We reviewed the scientific literature on the occurrence of contaminants originating from pit latrines and considered the factors affecting transport of these contaminants. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports identified using Web of ScienceSM, PubMed, Google, and document reference lists.Discussion: We estimated that approximately 1.77 billion people use pit latrines as their primary means of sanitation. Studies of pit latrines and groundwater are limited and have generally focused on only a few indicator contaminants. Although groundwater contamination is frequently observed downstream of latrines, contaminant transport distances, recommendations based on empirical studies, and siting guidelines are variable and not well aligned with one another.Conclusions: In order to improve environmental and human health, future research should examine a larger set of contextual variables, improve measurement approaches, and develop better criteria for siting pit latrines.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review

Graham

Polizzotto

2013

Environ Health Perspect

360

287

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“…(Lewis.et.al 1980) Lot of research work is carried out by various authors on the assessment of impact of on-site sanitation system on groundwater contamination (Kligler 1921, Caldwell andParr 1937;Caldwell 1938b;Dyer 1941, Viraraghavan 1978, Brown et al 1979Lewis et al 1980Nichols et al 1983, Padmasiri et al 1992, Chidavaenzi et al 2000H.K. Ramaraju2009, Lawrence et al 2001Chidavaenzi etal.2002;Dzwairo et al 2006Pujari et al 2007Lu et al 2008;Banerjee 2011, Sudhakar .M Rao, et.al 2013. In their studies they used installed observation wells or existing wells on the downstream side of on-site sanitation system for collection of water sample or soil samples or both during wet and dry seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of Onsite Sanitation System on Groundwater in Different Geological Settings of Peri Urban Areas

Shivendra

Ramaraju

2015

Aquatic Procedia

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Pit Latrines and Septic tanks are common modes of onsite sanitation commonly used in India. These modes of onsite sanitation are becoming source of Groundwater contamination. The chemical contaminants and pathogenic bacteria released from these onsite sanitation systems are in filtered into the surrounding groundwater sources through soil media and causing the threat. This threat is more severe in dense habitation where both onsite sanitation and drinking water resources are spaced very close. In the present study Field investigations are carried out in peri urban areas having different geological settings in Bangalore Rural district and Ramanagara district. Water and soil samples are collected during all seasons of a year near onsite sanitation system and analyzed for critical pollution parameters. The analysis of results reveals that concentrations of critical parameters exceeding the permissible limits of drinking water quality.

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“…These systems must be periodically emptied (or replaced, in the case of some pit latrines), and safe disposal and treatment of waste may be costly for users and difficult to carry out in high-density informal settlements. This often leads to poor management of pit latrines and septic tanks, which can contribute to contamination of the surrounding environment (e.g., groundwater), particularly during high rainfall events [10,11]. Small and medium-sized cities face particular constraints in providing adequate wastewater treatment and faecal sludge management capacities due to more limited urban management capacity and lower revenues.…”

Section: Poor Access and Dysfunctional Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

2016

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While sanitation is fundamental for health and wellbeing, cities of all sizes face growing challenges in providing safe, affordable and functional sanitation systems that are also sustainable. Factors such as limited political will, inadequate technical, financial and institutional capacities and failure to integrate safe sanitation systems into broader urban development have led to a persistence of unsustainable systems and missed opportunities to tackle overlapping and interacting urban challenges. This paper reviews challenges associated with providing sanitation systems in urban areas and explores ways to promote sustainable sanitation in cities. It focuses on opportunities to stimulate sustainable sanitation approaches from a resource recovery perspective, generating added value to society while protecting human and ecosystem health. We show how, if integrated within urban development, sustainable sanitation has great potential to catalyse action and contribute to multiple sustainable development goals.

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Underground pollution travel from leach pits of on-site sanitation facilities: a case study

Cited by 41 publications

References 2 publications

Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review

Pit Latrines and Their Impacts on Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review

Impact of Onsite Sanitation System on Groundwater in Different Geological Settings of Peri Urban Areas

Towards “Sustainable” Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas

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