We
used IR and XRD, with supporting theoretical calculations, to
investigate the swelling behavior of Na+-, NH4
+-, and Cs+-montmorillonites (SWy-2) in supercritical
fluid mixtures of H2O, CO2, and CH4. Building on our prior work with Na-clay that demonstrated that
H2O facilitated CO2 intercalation at relatively
low RH, here we show that increasing CO2/CH4 ratios promote H2O intercalation and swelling of the
Na-clay at progressively lower RH. In contrast to the Na-clay, CO2 intercalated and expanded the Cs-clay even in the absence
of H2O, while increasing fluid CO2/CH4 ratios inhibited H2O intercalation. The NH4-clay displayed intermediate behavior. By comparing changes in the
HOH bending vibration of H2O intercalated in the Cs-, NH4-, and Na-clays, we posit that CO2 facilitated
expansion of the Na-clay by participating in outer-sphere solvation
of Na+ and by disrupting the H-bond network of intercalated
H2O. In no case did the pure CH4 fluid induce
expansion. Our experimental data can benchmark modeling studies aimed
at predicting clay expansion in humidified fluids with varying ratios
of CO2 and CH4 in real reservoir systems with
implications for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery and CO2 storage
in subsurface environments.