The present article deals with the structurally and spectroelectrochemically
characterized newer class of ruthenium-azoheteroarenes [RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]ClO4, [1]ClO4–[3]ClO4 (Ph-trpy: 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine;
L1: 2,2′-azobis(benzothiazole) ([1]ClO4); L2: 2,2′-azobis(6-methylbenzothiazole)
([2]ClO4); L3: 2,2′-azobis(6-chlorobenzothiazole)
([3]ClO4)). A collective consideration of
experimental (i.e., structural and spectroelectrochemical) and theoretical
(DFT calculations) results of [1]ClO4–[3]ClO4 established selective stabilization of (i)
the unperturbed azo (NN)0 function of L, (ii) the
exclusive presence of the isomeric form involving the N(azo) donor
of L trans to Cl, and (iii) the presence of extended,
hydrogen-bonded trimeric units in the asymmetric unit of [2]ClO4 (CH---O) via the involvement of ClO4
– anions. The detailed electrochemical studies revealed
metal-based oxidation of [RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]+ (1
+–3
+) to
[RuIII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L)]2+ (1
2+–3
2+); however, the electronic
form of the first reduced state (1–3) could be better represented by its mixed RuII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L•–)/RuIII(Ph-trpy)(Cl)(L2–) state. Both native (1
+–3
+) and reduced (1–3)
states exhibited weak lower energy transitions within the range of
1000–1200 nm. Further, [1]ClO4–[3]ClO4 delivered an electrochemical OER (oxygen
evolution reaction) process in alkaline medium on immobilizing them
to a carbon cloth support, which divulged an amplified water oxidation
feature for [2]ClO4 due to the presence of
electron-donating methyl groups in the L2 backbone. The faster OER
kinetics and high catalytic stability of [2]ClO4 could also be rationalized by its lowest Tafel slope (85 mV dec–1) and choronoamperometric experiment (stable up to
12 h), respectively, along with high Faradic efficiency (∼97%).
A comparison of [2]ClO4 with the reported
analogous ruthenium complexes furnished its excellent intrinsic water
oxidation activity.