“…Accordingly, to accomplish simulation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, structural element models and relevant numerical procedures can be extended in two main groups: implementation of bond-slip effect and the non-linear aspects of finite strain-description, material nonlinearities and shear behavior. The first category can be typically followed by introducing additional degrees of freedom (DOF) (Monti and Spacone, 2000; Limkatanyu and Spacone, 2002; Limkatanyu et al , 2014; Lee and Filippou, 2015; Mang et al , 2015), springs-based flexure-shear elements (Lowes et al , 2003; Mergos and Kappos, 2012) and modified constitutive models for steel bars (Kwak and Kim, 2006; Ko and Phung, 2014; Pan et al , 2017; Yousefi et al , 2018). Among these, the least and most accurate tactics are modified constitutive models and additional DOF, respectively.…”