Uptake of cobalt from the nasal mucosa into the brain via olfactory pathways in rats

Persson, Eva; Henriksson, Jörgen; Tjälve, Hans

doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00266-2

Cited by 70 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Many studies (Sen and Packer, 1996) report that antioxidant enzymes are sustained coordinately by specific transcription factors, such as the Sp1 proteins (Schafer et al, 1997; Franzè et al, 1998), CAAT/enhancing binding protein (C/EBPs) (Won et al, 2003), or small heat shock proteins (Préville et al, 1999; Salvemini et al, 1999). Antioxidant enzymes might be expressed coordinately because ONL represents an important detoxification control station along the pathway by which oxidant and toxic agents may reach the brain (Dorman et al, 2002; Persson et al, 2003). Some of these agents are known to cause significant changes in glutathione concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities (Strouble et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH‐consuming enzymes in the rat olfactory bulb

Biagiotti

Ferri

Dringen

et al. 2005

J of Neuroscience Research

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The resistance to oxidative stress is a multifactorial reaction involving the clustering of transcriptionally regulated genes. Because glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the principal enzyme responsible for reducing power, is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB), it is of interest to verify whether other enzymes utilizing NADPH are also highly expressed. The level and localization of G6PD- and NADPH-consuming enzymes, such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (P450R), glutathione reductase (GR), and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), were analyzed in the rat olfactory bulb (OB) by quantitative histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The highest concentration of G6PD, P450R, and GR was observed in the olfactory nerve layer (ONL), suggesting a correlation in the expression of these enzymes at the gene level. Correlation in staining intensity between G6PD and NADPH-d activities occurred only in part of the ONL, some glomeruli, and scattered periglomerular cells. This peculiar distribution of NADPH-d could reflect a spatial patterning of the nose to bulb projections. Taken together, these results indicate that G6PD expression in the ONL could be related to the importance of generating a substantial supply of NADPH to sustain the detoxifying systems represented by GR and P450R reactions and, only in discrete zones, by NADPH-d activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH‐consuming enzymes in the rat olfactory bulb

Biagiotti

Ferri

Dringen

et al. 2005

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…Cd compounds are classified as human carcinogens by several regulatory agencies (Hossain et al, 2002;Mahalik et al, 1995;Satarug et al, 2004;Sunderman, 2001). The most convincing data that Cd is carcinogenic for humans result from studies that state that occupational Cd exposure is associated with lung cancer (Kwon et al, 2003;Lagorio et al, 2006;Persson et al, 2003). Cd exposure has also been linked to human prostate and renal cancer, although this relationship is weaker than for lung cancer (Waalkes, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Harmful Effects of Cadmium on Olfactory System in Mice

Bondier

Michel

Propper

et al. 2008

Inhalation Toxicology

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The inhalation of certain metals can result in olfactory epithelial injury, an altered sense of smell, and direct delivery of the metal from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs and other parts of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mice given an intranasal instillation of cadmium would develop altered olfactory function and to assess whether cadmium may be transported directly from the olfactory epithelium to the central nervous system. To evaluate cadmium's ability to induce anosmia and on the basis of olfactory epithelium sensitivity to metals, the aim of this study was first to study cadmium effects on the olfactory function and secondly to check whether cadmium may be transported from the nasal area to the central nervous system. After an intranasal instillation of a solution containing CdCl 2 at 136 mM, we observed in treated mice: (1) a partial destruction of the olfactory epithelium, which is reduced to three or four basal cell layers followed by a progressive regeneration; (2) a loss of odor discrimination with a subsequent recovery; and (3) a cadmium uptake by olfactory bulbs demonstrated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, but not by other parts of the central nervous system. Cadmium was delivered to the olfactory bulbs, most likely along the olfactory nerve, thereby bypassing the intact blood-brain barrier. We consider that cadmium can penetrate olfactory epithelium and hence be transported to olfactory bulbs. The olfactory route could therefore be a likely way to reach the brain and should be taken into account for occupational risk assessments for this metal.

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“…In the study, the concentration of iron was highest in the olfactory bulb; this contrasts with the finding of Riederer et al, 1989 who reported the highest iron concentration in the basal ganglia. Although, the highest concentration of Zinc was found in the cerebellum, it was also very high in the olfactory bulb, which correlates with the work of Persson (2003). The reason for the increased Zn level in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the female relative to the male can be further investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Due to the ubiquitous and hardy nature of this species (Gall, 1996), and their ability to go deeper into the ecosystem for their survival, it had been postulated that the species could be a better model to study the role of the environment in metal toxicity of the brain (Olopade et al, 2005b) since it has been established that the uptake of metals into the brain occur via olfactory pathways (Persson et al, 2003). A recent study using the dog in Mexico suggested a strong link between environmental pollution and incidence of neuropathologies of the brain (Calderon-Garciduenas et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of environmental pollution in caprine brains obtained from a relatively unindustrialized area in nigeria.

Igado¹,

Olopade²,

Onwuka³

et al. 2010

African Journal of Biomedical Research

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The concentration of metals (Iron-Fe, Zinc-Zn, Copper-Cu, Aluminum-Al, Molybdenum-Mo, Vanadium-Va, and Lead-Pb) in the different regions of the brain of goats in a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria was investigated using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The highest mean concentration of 98.66ppm was for Fe in the olfactory bulb while the least of 0.07ppm was for Mo in the thalamus. The levels of Zn and Fe showed the highest significant differences across the different regions of the brain examined. All the metals analysed showed relatively high concentrations in the olfactory bulb suggesting ongoing environmental pollution. The findings suggest that this type of investigation in the brain of goats or other animals can assist in knowing the level of human exposure to environmental pollutants (especially metals) in non-industrialized areas. They can also be compared with similar data obtained from animals in known polluted environments in extrapolating the level of pollution in such areas.

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Uptake of cobalt from the nasal mucosa into the brain via olfactory pathways in rats

Cited by 70 publications

References 18 publications

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH‐consuming enzymes in the rat olfactory bulb

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH‐consuming enzymes in the rat olfactory bulb

Harmful Effects of Cadmium on Olfactory System in Mice

Evidence of environmental pollution in caprine brains obtained from a relatively unindustrialized area in nigeria.

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