Urban green spaces activities: A preparatory groundwork for a safety management system

The impact of green space and biodiversity on health

“…), and injury (Bortolini et al . ), as well as a reduction in physical‐activity–based commuting (Maki‐Opas et al . ).…”

“…Five studies (2.5%) demonstrated both positive and negative effects on perceived health (Mitchell and Popham 2007), obesity (Dadvand et al 2014;Burgoine et al 2015), and allergies (Dadvand et al 2014;Fuertes et al 2014;Carlsten and Rider 2017). One (0.5%) found optimal protective effects on mental health following moderate exposure to green space (Astell-Burt et al 2014a); 14 studies (7%) did not show significant statistical associations between health and green space; and six studies (3%) described negative associations, including increases in mortality risk (Richardson et al 2012), skin cancer (Astell-Burt et al 2014b) and overall cancer risk (Zhang et al 2016), asthma (Andrusaityte et al 2016), and injury (Bortolini et al 2016), as well as a reduction in physical-activity-based commuting (Maki-Opas et al 2016). The most commonly reported clinical outcomes were mental, neurological, and behavioral (20%), while the most common non-clinical outcome was physical activity (18%; WebTable 3).…”

“…Reported benefits to health resulting from exposure to green spaces include physical fitness and social cohesion (Hartig et al 2014), improved mental health (Gascon et al 2015), and reduced mortality (Gascon et al 2016). Several studies have also documented negative effects, such as respiratory allergies (Andrusaityte et al 2016) and injury (Bortolini et al 2016). Explanations for these effects include psychological factors, sunlight exposure, and opportunities for exercise, but none of these proposed mechanisms explain the myriad "green space health effects" and the occasionally contradictory outcomes.…”

“…) and injury (Bortolini et al . ). Explanations for these effects include psychological factors, sunlight exposure, and opportunities for exercise, but none of these proposed mechanisms explain the myriad “green space health effects” and the occasionally contradictory outcomes.…”

IMPACT MECHANISM OF URBAN GREEN SPACES IN PROMOTING PUBLIC HEALTH: <strong>THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND INSPIRATION FOR PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES</strong>

“…However, studies have shown that urban green spaces may also have negative impacts on public health: 1) pollen allergy caused by pollen emission [32] ; 2) the spread of infectious diseases (such as malaria) accelerated by mosquitoes flying in urban green spaces (especially around water bodies) [33] ; and 3) injuries caused by urban green spaces management activities [34] . [17] 。现有研究也表明绿地与心脏病、呼吸系统疾病、肝癌、慢性 乙肝等临床疾病的发病率有很大关系 [11] 。此外，城市绿地能够降低人群 罹患代谢性疾病的风险，如肥胖症、糖尿病等 [18] 。 在心理健康层面，居住区周边的绿地面积(或可达性)与居民的 心理健康程度有着密切联系。现有文献讨论了城市绿地对特定精神疾 病的缓解效应，主要包括焦虑症 [19] 、多动症 [20] 、精神分裂症和抑郁 症等 [21] 。 同时，大量文献通过实验设计和自我报告等方法表明绿地体 验(活动)能够提升情绪积极性。这些研究主要围绕由罗杰•乌尔里 希提出的压力缓解理论 [22] 和史蒂芬•卡普兰提出的注意力恢复理论展 开 [23] ，包括对人群与城市绿地接触情况进行的单次或连续多次的跟踪调 研。如相关研究证实了城市绿地不仅能够提升人群的积极情绪和幸福 感指数 [24] ，而且对记忆力和注意力 [25] ，儿童的认知功能 [26] 、学习行 为 [27] ，以及想象力和创造力等方面都有着积极影响 [28] 。 在社会健康层面，城市绿地提供了社区居民社交活动的空间，能 够促进社会互动，进而增强居民归属感、支持感和参与感 [29] ，促使居 民感悟生活意义 [30] ，增加场所依恋性 [31] ，进而增强社会凝聚力和社会资 本，促进人群的社会健康。 然而，相关研究表明城市绿地偶尔也会对人群健康产生负面影 响，主要包括三个方面：1)城市绿地中某些植物的花粉传播会导致过 敏性疾病 [32] ；2)城市绿地(尤其是水体周边)中的蚊子会加速疟疾等 传染性疾病的传播 [33] ；3)因城市绿地的维护工作而造成的伤害 [34] 。…”