Urease-Immobilized Magnetic Graphene Oxide as a Safe and Effective Urea Removal Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Blood Purification

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease has attracted great attention as a public health disease and is mainly caused by the retention of uremic toxins in the body. Urea is a kind of representative toxin with high solubility and cannot be removed easily; in fact, no suitable absorbers have been found to remove urea by physical adsorption. Herein, we prepare urease-immobilized magnetic graphene oxide as a recyclable nanocatalyst for effective urea removal in blood purification, which shows great removal ability toward urea (2194 ± 110 mg/g). The clearance ratio is over 80% even for a high concentration urea solution of 80 mg/mL, and it is 77% for collected dialysate from a clinic. The nanocatalyst exhibits good reusability and storage stability. Furthermore, a series of blood-related tests indicate that the prepared nanocatalyst has good blood compatibility. Thus, the urease-immobilized recyclable nanocatalyst has great potential for effective and safe urea removal in blood purification.

Study on free and entangled binary metal nanocatalysts for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in aqueous phase: a comparative study

“…Storage and reusability are critical factors for successful degradation studies with respect to nanocatalysts [64]. Entanglement protects the nanoparticles when subjected to adverse environmental conditions.…”

Microfluidic Fabrication of Calcium Alginate/Chitosan Composite Microcapsules with Ultrathin Shells for Peroxidase Immobilization

“…Enzyme immobilization is widely used in numerous fields such as sewage treatment, − biomedicine, − cell therapy, − and tissue engineering , because it can obviously improve the stability and activity of enzymes and regulate the selectivity of substrates. , Microencapsulation, as a fundamental manner for enzyme immobilization, can effectively isolate the external environment, thus protecting the internal sensitive components. , For the catalytic reaction of immobilized enzymes in microcapsules, its reaction rate significantly depends on the transport rate of substrates and products through the microcapsule shell, which can be rationally regulated by the shell thickness . Therefore, to enhance the mass transfer rate, microcapsules with ultrathin shells are always required to reduce the mass transfer resistance .…”

Amphiphilic shell nanomagnetic adsorbents for selective and highly efficient capture of low-density lipoprotein from hyperlipidaemia serum

“…35–40 Generally, core–shell structured MNPs are composed of magnetic cores made up of ferroferric oxide and functionalized outer shells that have attracted particular attention for their unique magnetic response, chemically modifiable surface and satisfactory biocompatibility. Such dramatic properties endow MNPs with great potential as hemoperfusion adsorbents for the removal of urea, 41 bilirubin, 42,43 and blood lead ions 44 as well as LDL. 26,27,45–47 Besides, such materials can also be simply recycled after adsorption of toxins, which makes them more eligible as a supporting matrix for the preparation of hemoperfusion adsorbents.…”