Urinary deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) as biomarkers of DON and ZEA exposure of pigs

Abstract

Four diets contaminated with 1.1 to 5.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON) and 0.4 to 2.4 mg/kg zearalenone (ZEA) were fed to four groups of six growing Large White pigs. Urine samples were collected after 3 to 4 days and again after 6 to 7 days on the diets. On each sampling day, half of the animals were sampled in the morning, after an 8-h fast, and the other half were sampled in the afternoon, after 7 h of ad libitum access to feed. The urinary concentrations of DON, DON-glucuronide, DON-3-sulphate, de-epoxy-DON, as well as of ZEA, ZEA-14-glucuronide, α-zearalenol and α-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, analysed using LC-MS/MS, were used to calculate urinary DON and ZEA equivalent concentrations (DONe and ZEAe). The urinary concentration of DONe (P < 0.001), but not of ZEAe (P = 0.31), was lower in the fasted than that in the fed animals. The urinary DONe/creatinine and ZEAe/creatinine ratios were highly correlated with DON and ZEA intake per kg body weight the day preceding sampling (r = 0.76 and 0.77; P < 0.001). The correlations between DON intake during the 7 h preceding urine sampling in the afternoon and urinary DONe/creatinine ratio (r = 0.88) as well as between mean ZEA intake during 3 days preceding urine sampling and urinary ZEAe/creatinine ratio (r = 0.84) were even higher, reflecting the plasma elimination half-time of several hours for DON and of more than 3 days for ZEA. ZEAe analysed in enzymatically hydrolysed urine using an ELISA kit was highly correlated with the LC-MS/MS data (r = 0.94). The urinary DONe and ZEAe to creatinine ratios, analysed in pooled urine samples of several pigs fed the same diet, can be used to estimate their exposure to DON and ZEA.

Mycotoxins Contaminant in Kelp: A Neglected Dietary Exposure Pathway

“…The optimized MRM parameters are shown in Table 1 . The result showed that DON, NIV, and ZEA exhibited higher response in ESI negative mode while 3AcDON/15AcDON, F-X, and T-2 toxin exhibited higher response in ESI positive mode, consistent with previous literature [ 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Metabolism of Zearalenone and Its Major Modified Forms in Pigs

“…Urine samples were diluted to the same creatinine content with water in order to obtain similar concentrations of matrix compounds in all samples [ 23 ]. Apparent recoveries varied between 84% (β-ZEL) and 113% (α-ZEL-GlcA).…”

Effects of Adding Clostridium sp. WJ06 on Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Diversity of Growing Pigs Fed with Natural Deoxynivalenol Contaminated Wheat

“…Since the discrepancy existed in the absorption, metabolism and clearance procedures, the tolerance for the toxicity and pathogenic dose of DON were different for different animal species in vivo [ 19 , 20 ]. DON was degraded by microorganisms into a variety of products (such as de-epoxy-DON) in the digestive tract or in the intestinal mucosa, liver, kidney, and other organs.…”