Urinary Tract Infection - The Result of the Strength of the Pathogen, or the Weakness of the Host

Jarzembowski, Tomas; Daca, Agnieszka; Dębska-Ślizień, Maria Alicja

doi:10.5772/intechopen.68271

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Despite a timely and accurate diagnosis of UTI being the baseline for disease management, most healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack the capacity necessary to conduct culture, the gold standard test [ 2 ]. Therefore, treatment of UTIs in these countries is often based on symptoms and results of urine dipstick tests [ 3 ]. The urine dipstick method is easy and inexpensive to perform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the urine dipstick test for the detection of urinary tract infections in patients treated in Kenyan hospitals

Maina

Mwaniki

Mwiti

et al. 2023

Access Microbiology

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Introduction. Culture is the gold-standard diagnosis for urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, most hospitals in low-resource countries lack adequately equipped laboratories and relevant expertise to perform culture and, therefore, rely heavily on dipstick tests for UTI diagnosis. Research gap. In many Kenyan hospitals, routine evaluations are rarely done to assess the accuracy of popular screening tests such as the dipstick test. As such, there is a substantial risk of misdiagnosis emanating from inaccuracy in proxy screening tests. This may result in misuse, under-use or over-use of antimicrobials. Aim. The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of the urine dipstick test as a proxy for the diagnosis of UTIs in selected Kenyan hospitals. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional method was used. The utility of dipstick in the diagnosis of UTIs was assessed using midstream urine against culture as the gold standard. Results. The dipstick test predicted 1416 positive UTIs, but only 1027 were confirmed positive by culture, translating to a prevalence of 54.1 %. The sensitivity of the dipstick test was better when leucocytes and nitrite tests were combined (63.1 %) than when the two tests were separate (62.6 and 50.7 %, respectively). Similarly, the two tests combined had a better positive predictive value (87.0 %) than either test alone. The nitrite test had the best specificity (89.8 %) and negative predictive value (97.4 %) than leucocytes esterase (L.E) or both tests combined. In addition, sensitivity in samples from inpatients (69.2 %) was higher than from outpatients (62.7 %). Furthermore, the dipstick test had a better sensitivity and positive predictive value among female (66.0 and 88.6 %) than male patients (44.3 and 73.9 %). Among the various patient age groups, the dipstick test’s sensitivity and positive predictive value were exceptionally high in patients ≥75 years old (87.5 and 93.3 %). Conclusion. Discrepancies in prevalence from the urine dipstick test and culture, the gold standard, indicate dipstick test inadequacy for accurate UTI diagnosis. The finding also demonstrates the need for urine culture for accurate UTI diagnosis. However, considering it is not always possible to perform a culture, especially in low-resource settings, future studies are needed to combine specific UTI symptoms and dipstick results to assess possible increases in the test’s sensitivity. There is also a need to develop readily available and affordable algorithms that can detect UTIs where culture is not available.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the urine dipstick test for the detection of urinary tract infections in patients treated in Kenyan hospitals

Maina

Mwaniki

Mwiti

et al. 2023

Access Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infection in humans (Foxman, 2014;Jarzembowski et al, 2018), affecting around 150 million people each year around the world. It possesses a public health cost estimated in around six billion dollars (treatment and healthcare), representing a significant economic and public health burden (Stamm and Norrby, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UTI can be acquired in the community and hospitals (Flores-Mireles et al, 2015;Rawal et al, 2019), and is defined as an inflammatory response of the urothelial cells, which is induced by pathogenic microorganisms (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi) that are capable of colonizing any urinary tract tissue (urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys) (Foxman, 2014;Jarzembowski et al, 2018), being uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) the most frequent agent of the infection. Additionally, other important pathogens are Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida sp (Flores-Mireles et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles as Potential Novel Therapies for Urinary Tract Infections

Sánchez

Navarro

Catalán-Figueroa

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common reasons for antibiotic treatment. Nevertheless, uropathogens are steadily becoming resistant to currently available therapies. In this context, nanotechnology emerges as an innovative and promising approach among diverse strategies currently under development. In this review we deeply discuss different nanoparticles (NPs) used in UTI treatment, including organic NPs, nanodiamonds, chemical and green synthesized inorganic NPs, and NPs made of composite materials. In addition, we compare the effects of different NPs against uropathogens in vivo and in vitro and discuss their potential impact the in the near future.

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Gamma Radiation-Induced Synthesis and Characterization of Decahedron-Like Silver Nanostructure and Their Antimicrobial Application

Bekhit

El-Sayyad

Sokary

2023

J Inorg Organomet Polym

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In the current study, a decahedron-like silver nanostructure (D-AgNs) was successfully created in an aqueous solution in the presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent using the gamma-radiolysis approach without the use of a reducing agent. The synthesized D-AgNs were characterized using various analytical tools such as UV–Vis. spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, HRTEM, EDX and FTIR. UV–Vis. absorption spectra showed considerable surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at 350–600 nm, indicating that colloidal D-AgNs had been successfully synthesized. HRTEM image demonstrates well-dispersed uniformly decahedral shapes that are well separated from each other. The produced nanoparticles were effectively stabilized by PVP through interactions, confirmed by the FTIR anlaysis. The synthesis of D-AgNs using gamma radiation was accomplished, in addition its antimicrobial potential, antibiofilm activity, and the effect of UV rays were assessed. In addition, protein leakage assays and SEM imaging were employed to analyze the antimicrobial reaction’s mechanism. A wide variety of bacteria, including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, were deactivated by D-AgNs. In the antibiofilm assay, D-AgNs inhibited the biofilm formation of S. aureus (89.58%), E. coli (80.35%), and P. aureginosa (78.45%). After investigating the effect of D-AgNs on the growth curve of S. aureus, we concluded that D-AgNs affect the growth curve of S. aureus, and the curve was reduced to be 0.125. The formation of holes in the S. aureus cell membrane is explained by the fact that the amount of cellular protein released from the bacteria is directly proportional to the concentration of D-AgNs, which was determined to be 259.25 µg/ml at concentration equal to 1.0 mg/mL.

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Urinary Tract Infection - The Result of the Strength of the Pathogen, or the Weakness of the Host

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the urine dipstick test for the detection of urinary tract infections in patients treated in Kenyan hospitals

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the urine dipstick test for the detection of urinary tract infections in patients treated in Kenyan hospitals

Nanoparticles as Potential Novel Therapies for Urinary Tract Infections

Gamma Radiation-Induced Synthesis and Characterization of Decahedron-Like Silver Nanostructure and Their Antimicrobial Application

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