Urine Cotinine Should Be Involved in Initial Evaluation of Tinnitus in Adolescents

Lee, Doh Young; Kim, Young Ho

doi:10.21053/ceo.2017.01641

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Nicotine and its toxic metabolites also impair the activity of the hearing cortex and cause a decrease in otoacoustic emissions (26,27). In addition, the negative effects of smoking on the hearing system are more pronounced in children who are growing up (10,28). Our finding concerning a significant relationship between passive smoking and T in children supports these results.…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

“…Although a significant relationship Copyright © 2020, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited has been found between active smoking and subjective T in recent studies in adolescents and adults, there are not enough studies in the literature to evaluate the relationship between T and passive smoking using serological or salivary parameters, especially in the pediatric age group (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smoking has proven to have significant side effects on the hearing system. The most important ones are hypoxia at the cochlear level, atherosclerotic changes in vascular structures, and decreases in blood viscosity (7,10). Nicotine and its toxic metabolites also impair the activity of the hearing cortex and cause a decrease in otoacoustic emissions (26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can the Determination of Salivary Cotinine Level Be a New Method in Diagnosis and Follow-up of Childhood Tinnitus?

Resuli

2020

Iran Red Crescent Med J

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Background: There are many risk factors for childhood tinnitus such as hearing loss, exposure to high pitch sound, and passive smoking. Cotinine (C) is one of the metabolites of nicotine and is an important biochemical marker that reveals the objective and numerical indication of smoking exposure. Although there is a study investigating the role of urinary C levels in the etiology of tinnitus (T), the role of salivary C levels has not yet been elucidated. Objectives: Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the risk factors of idiopathic subjective T in children in terms of passive smoking and whether the salivary C level can be used as a novel marker for monitoring and follow-up of T. Methods: We retrospectively studied 1,245 children aged 7-15 years with T. We excluded 830 patients (66.5%) whose total tinnitus diagnosis was confirmed due to organic causes such as middle ear pathology and hearing loss. The remaining 415 (33.5%) patients with subjective T and 200 healthy individuals constituted the study and control groups. Complete blood counts, routine biochemical tests, and salivary C levels of children with T and controls were measured and their parents were also evaluated. Results: In univariate analysis, parents' C, children's C, ALP, and erythrocyte levels were significantly associated with T (P < 0.001 in all). Regarding laboratory values, erythrocyte and serum ALP levels were significantly associated with T (P < 0.001 in both) in univariate analysis (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98 to 0.99 for erythrocyte and OR, 157.04; 95% CI, 44.7 to 551.6 for serum ALP level). No significant relationships were found between other parameters. These four parameters that were found to be significant in the univariate analysis showed meaningful associations with T in multivariate analysis (P < 0.01 for parents C and P < 0.001 for other parameters). It was also observed that as the C levels increased in the parents, the C level also increased in children. Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between salivary C levels and parental salivary C levels in children. This suggests that the salivary C be used for evaluating the etiology of T in children and monitoring children with T exposed to cigarette smoke.

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confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can the Determination of Salivary Cotinine Level Be a New Method in Diagnosis and Follow-up of Childhood Tinnitus?

Resuli

2020

Iran Red Crescent Med J

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“…Cotinine has a longer half-life than nicotine, making urinary cotinine a measurable biomarker for tobacco smoking, especially in patients with chronic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there was no exact criterion for the duration of tinnitus, the study reported that urine cotinine acts as an independent risk factor in patients with tinnitus and that smoking amount is associated with tinnitus-related annoyance [ 118 ]. Secondhand smoke in children is also associated with hearing loss.…”

Section: Biomarkers In Chronic Subjective Tinnitusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective and Measurable Biomarkers in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus

Kang

Kim

Park

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Tinnitus is associated with increased social costs and reduced quality of life through sleep disorders or psychological distress. The pathophysiology of chronic subjective tinnitus, which accounts for most tinnitus, has not been clearly elucidated. This is because chronic subjective tinnitus is difficult to evaluate objectively, and there are no objective markers that represent the diagnosis or therapeutic effect of tinnitus. Based on the results of studies on patients with chronic subjective tinnitus, objective and measurable biomarkers that help to identify the pathophysiology of tinnitus have been summarized. A total of 271 studies in PubMed, 303 in EMBASE, and 45 in Cochrane Library were found on biomarkers related to chronic subjective tinnitus published until April 2021. Duplicate articles, articles not written in English, review articles, case reports, and articles that did not match our topic were excluded. A total of 49 studies were included. Three specimens, including blood, saliva, and urine, and a total of 58 biomarkers were used as indicators for diagnosis, evaluation, prognosis, and therapeutic effectiveness of tinnitus. Biomarkers were classified into eight categories comprising metabolic, hemostatic, inflammatory, endocrine, immunological, neurologic, and oxidative parameters. Biomarkers can help in the diagnosis, measure the severity, predict prognosis, and treatment outcome of tinnitus.

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“…Data from the latest studies are also very divergent. Kim et al (2017) reported 32.3% tinnitus prevalence in the general population of South Korean adolescents, while the figure showed by Lee and Kim (2018) was 17.5%. Nemholt et al (2020) published the findings from a study of Danish children aged 10 to 16 years, wherein 66.9% of the participants had tinnitus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%