“…Phage display technology was ®rst introduced in the middle of the 80s by Smith using Escherichia coli ®lamentous bacteriophage M13 [Smith, 1985]. Although several alternative phage display systems, such as l-phage, T4 and T7 phage [Santini et al, 1998;Ren and Black, 1998;Houshmand et al, 1999], have been developed for speci®c applications, M13 phage display is still the most robust method particularly applicable to small peptide and antibody engineering [Rader et al, 1998;Schmitz et al, 2000]. Applications of phage display technology in characterization of interactions between peptide ligands and ion-channel receptors have also been reported [Li, 1997].…”