Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

Wan, Michael J.; AlShaker, Sara; Hunter, David G.

doi:10.1007/164_2019_325

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The results of his studies were published in medical journals in the 1980s and then many doctors applied his technique to treat eyelid twitching and other muscle spasms. The drug was originally called Oculinum, from the Latin oculi, which means eyes [13]. Since the 1970s the BoNT-A, has been used not only for aesthetic purposes but also as a medicine in a wide variety of diseases and its indications have increased over time.…”

Section: Timeline Of Historical Events About Bonts Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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Botulinum toxins or neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent neurotoxins known, and are currently extensively studied, not only for their potential lethality, but also for their possible therapeutic and cosmetic uses. Currently, seven types of antigenically distinct toxins are known and characterized, produced by a rod-shaped bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. Human poisoning by botulism (presenting with severe neuromuscular paralytic disease) is usually caused by toxins A, B, E, and F type. Poisoning from contaminated food preparations is the most common cause of noniatrogenic botulism. The spores are highly resistant to heat but are easily destroyed at 80 °C for thirty minutes. Type A and B toxins are resistant to digestion by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal system. After their entry, BoNTs irreversibly bind to cholinergic nerve endings and block the release of acetylcholine from the synapses. In contrast, in wound botulism, the neurotoxin is instead product by the growth of C.botulium in infected tissues. The contamination by BoNT inhalation does not occur by a natural route but it is certainly the most dangerous. It can be caused by the dispersion of the botulinum toxin in the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and therefore can be deliberately used for bioterrorist purposes (e.g., during CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear) unconventional events). In addition, BoNTs are currently used to treat a variety of diseases or alleviate their symptoms, such as the onabotulinumtoxinA for migraine attacks and for cosmetic use. Indeed, this paper aims to report on updated knowledge of BoNTs, both their toxicological mechanisms and their pharmacological action.

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Section: Timeline Of Historical Events About Bonts Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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“…Botulinum toxin is currently the main treatment for some ophthalmological diseases, such as some types of strabismus [2,3] and facial dystonia. Facial dystonia comprises various diseases, such as essential blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm [4][5][6][7], characterized by a disproportionate tonic contraction of the orbicularis oculi that causes involuntary eyelid closure. In severe cases, this dystonia may impact the patient's quality of life and even result in functional blindness [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facial dystonias may effectively be treated with periocular subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin Vol:. (1234567890) [5,11,12]. These injections produce few local complications, such as ecchymosis, ptosis, or diplopia, and do not generally have systemic effects [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the periocular botulinum toxin on the ocular surface and anterior chamber: a prospective study in patients with hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm

et al. 2023

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Purpose To analyze using Pentacam®, the corneal and anterior chamber changes following periocular botulinum toxin injection in patients with facial dystonia. Methods Prospective study that included patients with facial dystonia that were going to receive a periocular botulinum toxin injection for the first time or six months or more after the previous injection. A Pentacam® examination was carried out in all patients before and 4 weeks after the injection. Results Thirty-one eyes were included. Twenty-two had a diagnosis of blepharospasm and nine of hemifacial spasm. Analysis of corneal and anterior chamber parameters revealed a significant decrease in iridocorneal angle after botulinum toxin injection (from 35 ± 10º to 33.8 ± 9.7º, p = 0.022). No other corneal or anterior chamber parameters changed significantly after the injection. Conclusions Periocular botulinum toxin injection causes narrowing of the iridocorneal angle.

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“…Human use of BoNT was first attempted to treat strabismus (crossed eyes) in 1977 by Scott [6]. Since then, many medical practitioners have used BoNT to treat eyelid twitching and muscle spasms [8]. BoNT/A has also been used to treat neurological J Prosthodont Res.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) primarily approved BoNT/A to treat strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in 1989 [5,8,10]. Subsequent approval was obtained for its use in the cosmetic field and to treat cervical dystonia, axillary hyperhidrosis, and migraine [11,12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism and clinical use of botulinum neurotoxin in head and facial region

et al. 2023

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Food-borne botulism, derived from the Latin term "botulus," which means "sausage," was first described in the 18 th century. The term was used to define a fatal condition characterized by muscular paralysis resulting in respiratory arrest upon the consumption of raw sausages [1]. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which cause botulism, are zinc-dependent metalloproteases produced by an anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, and are classified into seven serotypes (BoNT/A-G) based on their antigenic properties. Apart from the seven distinct BoNTs, an additional serotype has been reported; however, further validation is required for confirmation [2,3].Naturally produced BoNTs are non-covalently associated with one or several non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) and form high molecular weight (up to ~900kDa) progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) at an acidic pH. The PTCs dissociate into BoNTs and NAPs at neutral or alkaline pH. NAPs play a vital role in protecting fragile BoNTs from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and in facilitating the passage of BoNTs through the intestinal epithelial barrier. BoNT is released from PTCs after absorption from the intestinal epithelial barrier. Free BoNTs are transported to neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) via general circulation, subsequently inhibiting acetylcholine exocytosis and resulting in flaccid paralysis [4]. BoNTs are potent toxins and are currently being extensively researched, not only for their lethality but also for their potential use in therapeutic interventions owing to their safety, efficacy, and long duration of action. BoNT/A and BoNT/B are widely used in clinical practice [5].In the early 19 th century, the first toxin of BoNT (BoNT/A) was identified. Immediately after its discovery, it was widely used for developing biological weapons, given its effects on the nervous system, and it was studied extensively during the Second World War. The therapeutic use of BoNT in the medical field began in the late 19 th century [6,7]. Human use of BoNT was first attempted to treat strabismus (crossed eyes) in 1977 by Scott [6]. Since then, many medical practitioners have used BoNT to treat eyelid twitching and muscle spasms [8]. BoNT/A has also been used to treat neurological J Prosthodont Res. 2023; **(**):

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Use of Botulinum Toxin in Ophthalmology

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs) and Their Biological, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Issues: A Scoping Review

Effects of the periocular botulinum toxin on the ocular surface and anterior chamber: a prospective study in patients with hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm

Mechanism and clinical use of botulinum neurotoxin in head and facial region

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