Use of prediction models to forecast and analyse airborne spread during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Brittany, Jersey and the Isle of Wight in 1981

Donaldson, A.I.; Gloster, J.; Harvey, LD; Deans, DH

doi:10.1136/vr.110.3.53

Cited by 138 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…Reports of long-distance movement of a pathogenic microbe (foot-and-mouth disease virus) do exist (Donaldson et al 1982;Gloster 1992). There are certainly a great deal of inaccessible data on airborne movement of microbes in the archives of defence concerns.…”

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confidence: 99%

Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia

Turnbull¹,

Lindeque

Roux

et al. 1998

J Appl Microbiol

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P .C .B . TU RN B UL L, P .M . L I ND EQ U E, J. L E R OU X , A .M . BE NN E TT AN D S. R. P AR KS . 1998. Tests for airborne movement of anthrax spores downwind from three heavily contaminated carcass sites were carried out under a range of wind conditions. Anthrax spores were detected in just three of 43 cyclone or gelatin filter air samples taken at distances of 6, 12 and 18 m from the sites. In addition, nine positives resulted during sampling sessions in which the site was mechanically disturbed, with a further five positives being found in sessions subsequent to those in which the site had been disturbed. The three positive samples not related to man-made disturbance were associated with the highest winds experienced during the study. Despite colony counts exceeding 100 on the culture plates in three instances, calculations showed that these represented very low worst case probable spore inhalation rates for animals or humans exposed to such levels. The low number of positives, the clear pattern of rapidly declining numbers of anthrax spores with distance downwind from the centres of the sites apparent on settle plates, and the persisting levels of contamination despite wind and rain, collectively suggest that the anthrax spores were associated with fairly heavy particles, although this was not seen by electron microscopy on soil samples from the sites. Overall, the findings are interpreted as indicating that it is very unlikely that Etosha animals contract anthrax by the inhalation route while simply in transit near or across a carcass site. The significance of the observations in relation to weather conditions in the Etosha, other studies on particulate aerosols in the region, and reports of long-distance airborne movement of microbes, is discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia

Turnbull¹,

Lindeque

Roux

et al. 1998

J Appl Microbiol

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“…Features of FMD that contribute to its highly contagious nature include the very small quantities of virus that can initiate infection, the short ' generation time ' of virus in infected animals, the large quantities of virus excreted by infected animals and the multiplicity of routes by which the virus can infect its hosts. As a consequence, FMD can be transmitted by a variety of mechanisms including, under certain climatic and epidemiological conditions, by the wind (Anonymous, 1969 ;Donaldson et al, 1982 ;Gloster et al, 1982). The pattern of windborne spread of FMD over more than 10 km is invariably from pigs at source to cattle downwind (Donaldson, 1979(Donaldson, , 1986(Donaldson, , 1987Gloster et al, 1982).…”

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The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by contact: a quantitative time-course study using TaqMan RT–PCR

Alexandersen

Oleksiewicz

Donaldson

2001

Journal of General Virology

121

105

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“…Foot-and-mouth disease is highly contagious and difficult to control as FMDV has a wide host range (see above) and a rapid replication cycle, small amounts of virus can initiate infection, and infected animals excrete high levels of virus. In addition, multiple modes of transmission have been recognized, including airborne spread, sometimes over long distances, including overseas (1,10,12,31).Field isolates of FMDV use integrins to initiate infection (14, 15, 29). The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors are a conserved series of ␣␤ heterodimers, which bind in a divalent cation-dependent manner to ligands through recognition of short motifs that usually include one of the acidic residues glutamate (E) or aspartate (D) (13).…”

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Forms a Highly Stable, EDTA-Resistant Complex with Its Principal Receptor, Integrin αvβ6: Implications for Infectiousness

DiCara

Burman

Clark

et al. 2008

J Virol

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The initial stage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is virus binding to cell surface integrins via the RGD motif in the GH loop of the VP1 capsid protein. As for all ligand/integrin interactions, the initial contact between FMDV and its integrin receptors is cation dependent and hence inhibited by EDTA. We have investigated this binding process with RGD-containing peptides derived from the VP1 capsid protein of FMDV and discovered that, upon binding, some of these peptides form highly stable, EDTA-resistant associations with integrin ␣v␤6. Peptides containing specific substitutions show that this stable binding is dependent on a helical structure immediately C terminal to the RGD and, specifically, two leucine residues at positions RGD ؉1 and RGD ؉4. These observations have a biological consequence, as we show further that stable, EDTA-resistant binding to ␣v␤6 is a property also exhibited by FMDV particles. Thus, the integrin-binding loop of FMDV appears to have evolved to form very stable complexes with the principal receptor of FMDV, integrin ␣v␤6. An ability to induce such stable complexes with its cellular receptor is likely to contribute significantly to the high infectiousness of FMDV.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the type species of the genus Aphthovirus within the family Picornaviridae and the etiological agent of foot-and-mouth disease, a severe vesicular condition affecting a large number of artiodactyls, including domesticated ruminants and pigs (1, 34). Presently, the virus is endemic in many parts of the world, including South America, Africa, and Asia (19). Foot-and-mouth disease is highly contagious and difficult to control as FMDV has a wide host range (see above) and a rapid replication cycle, small amounts of virus can initiate infection, and infected animals excrete high levels of virus. In addition, multiple modes of transmission have been recognized, including airborne spread, sometimes over long distances, including overseas (1,10,12,31).Field isolates of FMDV use integrins to initiate infection (14, 15, 29). The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors are a conserved series of ␣␤ heterodimers, which bind in a divalent cation-dependent manner to ligands through recognition of short motifs that usually include one of the acidic residues glutamate (E) or aspartate (D) (13). Examples of such motifs include arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) or leucine-aspartate-valine (LDV), and short peptides containing these motifs can interact similarly with integrins (13). Recognition of RGDcontaining proteins can proceed in a stepwise manner where the initial RGD binding is enhanced by a second stabilizing interaction involving so-called synergy sites on the ligand (2, 21, 23). The concept of a synergy site was first described for binding of ␣5␤1 to fibronectin (Fn). Thus, high-affinity binding of Fn to ␣5␤1 requires the RGD motif located on the 10th type III domain of Fn and a second synergy site in the 9th type III domain (23). Similarly, the large extracellular matrix protein ...

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Use of prediction models to forecast and analyse airborne spread during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Brittany, Jersey and the Isle of Wight in 1981

Cited by 138 publications

References 0 publications

Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia

Airborne movement of anthrax spores from carcass sites in the Etosha National Park, Namibia

The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs infected by contact: a quantitative time-course study using TaqMan RT–PCR

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Forms a Highly Stable, EDTA-Resistant Complex with Its Principal Receptor, Integrin αvβ6: Implications for Infectiousness

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