Use of trihalomethanes as a surrogate for haloacetonitrile exposure introduces misclassification bias

Furst, Kirin E.; Bolorinos, Jose; Mitch, William A.

doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100089

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is noteworthy that the number of HMW DBPs correlates strongly with the relative intensity of these formulas (Figure S11), suggesting that either metric may be used semiquantitatively to evaluate their formation. The weaker correlation between HANs and HMW DBPs compared to THMs agrees with recent studies demonstrating that THMs and HANs are not necessarily positively correlated . While more work is needed to understand the toxicity implications of HMW DBPs, our results suggest that THMs and, to a lesser extent, HANs are a useful proxy for these DBPs.…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Significant positive correlations (95% CI) are observed between THMs or HANs and SUVA 254 , chlorine demand, O:C w , and DBE w (Figures S7–S9), while a significant negative correlation is observed between THM or HAN formation and H:C w (Figure S8a and b). Overall, the trends between DOM composition and THMs are stronger than those of HANs, suggesting that THM formation is more closely related to DOM concentration and composition, which indicates that the two DBP classes may have separate precursors . Furthermore, the trends between these DBPs and parameters derived from FT-ICR MS data are stronger than those derived from bulk measurements.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Molecular-Level Insights into the Formation of Traditional and Novel Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts

Milstead

Remucal

2021

ACS EST Water

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition influences the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment, yet the role of DOM composition at the molecular level in forming both known and novel DBPs has not been established. We characterized the composition of DOM from drinking water utilities that draw from surface (n = 4) and groundwaters (n = 14), focusing on groundwater because the reactivity of its DOM is poorly understood. We quantified the formation of targeted DBPs, identified novel high molecular weight (HMW) halogenated DBPs, and analyzed DOM transformation after reaction with free available chlorine. Characterization by UV−visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) reveals a high degree of variability in DOM composition and reactivity with chlorine, particularly among groundwater samples. Despite the variability in DOM composition, novel DBPs with up to three halogens are compositionally similar among all waters and are positively correlated with trihalomethane and, to a lesser extent, haloacetonitrile formation. These relationships demonstrate that some low molecular weight DBPs and novel DBPs detected by FT-ICR MS share similar aromatic precursors, providing evidence that DBPs such as trihalomethanes are a useful proxy for the formation of their HMW counterparts.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular-Level Insights into the Formation of Traditional and Novel Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts

Milstead

Remucal

2021

ACS EST Water

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“…This observation suggested that HANs formation was mainly affected by the constituents of the water matrix, rather than the environmental conditions, of each sampling round. 28,29,62 Similar to what was observed in distribution, the most predominant HAN species in SDS tests were DBAN, followed by BCAN (brominated species represented 60-100%). An exception was observed in summer, especially during low water ages; chlorine-containing species, and particularly TCAN, were abundant, representing a mean weight fraction of 67%.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…[25][26][27] On the contrary, HANs and HAcAms appear to be minimally affected by both water age and temperature. 28,29 Water utilities and scientists require an evaluating tool to predict DBP occurrence and proactively adapt their water supply processes. As such, the trihalomethane formation potential test (FP), which is a standardised method (5710B), 30 was initially implemented to estimate the formation of THMs, and later of HAAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous prediction of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides using simulated distribution system tests

Sfynia

Bond

Kanda

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…All of the extraction and concentration protocols examined in this study resulted in poor (<20%) recovery of TCM, BDCM, and trihalogenated HAAs, which are among the most prevalent of the regulated THMs and HAAs. While THMs and HAAs have been used to measure DBP exposure for epidemiology studies, there is growing interest in measuring unregulated (semi-)volatile classes (e.g., haloacetonitriles) based on studies indicating that they could contribute more to the cytotoxicity of disinfected waters and that their concentrations do not correlate with THM concentrations . Recoveries of unregulated, (semi-)volatile DBPs were lowest for XAD resin extraction (<30%), one of the most frequently employed techniques, ,− , including the U.S. EPA studies. , While recoveries were generally higher with SPE and LLE, they were below 70% for most of the (semi-)volatile DBPs examined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection Byproduct Recovery during Extraction and Concentration in Preparation for Chemical Analyses or Toxicity Assays

Lau

Forster

Richardson

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Over 700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, but they account for only ∼30% of total organic halogen (TOX). Extracting disinfected water is necessary to assess the overall toxicity of both known and unknown DBPs. Commonly used DBP extraction methods include liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which may use either XAD resins or other polymeric sorbents. With few exceptions, DBP recoveries have not been quantified. We compared recoveries by LLE, XAD resins, and a mixture of Phenomenex Sepra SPE sorbents (hereafter SPE) for (semi-)volatile DBPs and nonvolatile model compounds at the 1-L scale. We scaled up the three methods to extract DBPs in 10 L of chlorinated creek waters. For (semi-)volatile DBPs, XAD resulted in lower recoveries than LLE and SPE at both 1- and 10-L scales. At the 10-L scale, recovery of certain trihalomethanes and trihalogenated haloacetic acids by XAD was negligible, while recovery of other (semi-)volatile DBPs extracted by XAD (<30%) was lower than by SPE or LLE (30–60%). TOX recovery at the 10-L scale was generally similar by the three extraction methods. The low TOX recovery (<30%) indicates that the toxicity assessed by bioassays predominantly reflects the contribution of the nonvolatile, hydrophobic fraction of DBPs.

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Use of trihalomethanes as a surrogate for haloacetonitrile exposure introduces misclassification bias

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Molecular-Level Insights into the Formation of Traditional and Novel Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts

Molecular-Level Insights into the Formation of Traditional and Novel Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts

Simultaneous prediction of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides using simulated distribution system tests

Disinfection Byproduct Recovery during Extraction and Concentration in Preparation for Chemical Analyses or Toxicity Assays

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