“…Since its introduction in 2009, lecturers globally have used WhatsApp to create MLEs for their students (Bouhnik & Deshen, 2014;Güler, 2017;Sari, 2018;Sayan, 2016;Zulkanain, Miskon & Abdullah, 2020). It is therefore not surprising that WhatsApp was used before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to support teaching, learning and assessment when lecturers were separated from their students (Jabbar et al, 2021;Misaghi et al, 2021;Susilo & Sofiarini, 2021). In this duoethnograhic account we discuss the affordances and frustrations of using WhatsApp-based MLEs pre-pandemic in a postgraduate distance education context (Christa) and during the pandemic in an undergraduate contact education context (Liezel).…”