Using Accelerometers to Determine the Cessation of Activity of Broilers

Dawson, M. D.; Lombardi, M.; Benson, E. R.; Alphin, R. L.; Malone, G. W.

doi:10.3382/japr.2007-00023

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…All turkeys in which reflexes persisted exhibited severe wing-flapping after treatment, supporting the idea that the onset of convulsions does not necessarily correspond with the onset of insensibility. However, as reported by Dawson et al (2007Dawson et al ( , 2009, the cessation of movement can be used to estimate when irreversible brain death occurs, and together with the absence of breathing, this indicated when irreversible brain failure occurred in all turkeys in the present study.…”

Section: Evaluating On-farm Killing Methods For Turkeysmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Conversely, the end time of convulsions in broilers occurred later with the Zephyr and blunt trauma than with the cervical dislocation. Cardiac arrest typically occurs after all motion has ceased (Dawson et al, 2007); therefore, it would appear that death occurred sooner with cervical dislocation than with the Zephyr and blunt trauma. However, reflexes persisted on average 43 ± 11 s with cervical dislocation, whereas reflexes were consistently abolished immediately after application of the Zephyr and blunt trauma.…”

Section: Evaluating On-farm Killing Methods For Turkeysmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Cessation of convulsions has been evaluated for practically assessing time of brain failure in field conditions (Dawson et al, 2007(Dawson et al, , 2009. Convulsions are typical reflex reactions that occur in animals after stunning with physical methods (Blackmore and Delany, 1987) and also occur after decapitation (Eichbaum et al, 1975) and during anoxia (Gildea and Cobb, 1930;Lopes da Silva, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using time to insensibility and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating captive bolt, cervical dislocation, and blunt trauma for on-farm killing of turkeys

et al. 2010

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The effectiveness of a pneumatic nonpenetrating captive bolt (Zephyr) was assessed for on-farm euthanasia of turkeys and compared with blunt force trauma, manual cervical dislocation, and mechanical cervical dislocation using a burdizzo. The Zephyr (n = 46) and burdizzo (n = 26) were evaluated in turkey hens (11.4 +/- 0.1 kg), the Zephyr (n = 46) and blunt trauma (n = 32) were evaluated in turkey toms (13.1 +/- 0.2 kg), and the Zephyr (n = 12), blunt trauma (n = 11), and manual cervical dislocation (n = 7) were evaluated in broiler turkeys (4.1 +/- 0.3 kg). The nictitating membrane and pupillary light reflexes were monitored continuously to determine when insensibility occurred. Time of death was estimated based on the end time of convulsions and sustained absence of breathing. The nictitating membrane reflex was present immediately after treatment in all 26 hens killed with a burdizzo versus 8 of 46 hens killed with the Zephyr (P < 0.001). The presence of eye reflexes did not differ between the Zephyr and blunt trauma for toms (1 of 26 toms killed with blunt trauma, 2 of 44 toms killed with the Zephyr, P = 1.0). The nictitating membrane reflex persisted in a greater proportion of broiler turkeys killed with cervical dislocation (7 of 7) versus the Zephyr (0 of 12, P < 0.001) and blunt trauma (2 of 9, P = 0.003) but did not differ between blunt trauma and the Zephyr (P = 0.2). End time of convulsions did not differ between the Zephyr and burdizzo for hens (204 +/- 8 vs. 114 +/- 10 s, P = 0.5) or between the Zephyr and blunt trauma for toms (200 +/- 7 s vs. 218 +/- 11.8 s, P = 0.4) but was shorter after cervical dislocation in broiler turkeys (cervical dislocation: 138 +/- 13 s, Zephyr: 165 +/- 7 s, blunt trauma: 178 +/- 13 s, P < 0.001). Results demonstrated that the Zephyr (discharged twice in immediate succession) and blunt trauma (single hit) were similarly effective at consistently causing immediate insensibility. Conversely, neither method of cervical dislocation caused immediate insensibility. This study may assist in revising current poultry euthanasia recommendations.

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Section: Evaluating On-farm Killing Methods For Turkeysmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Evaluating On-farm Killing Methods For Turkeysmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using time to insensibility and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating captive bolt, cervical dislocation, and blunt trauma for on-farm killing of turkeys

et al. 2010

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“…Instead, clinical criteria including loss of brainstem reflexes and motor responses to pain in combination with apnea and the cessation of movement have been used to estimate the time of brain death (Casey-Trott et al, 2013). Similar techniques such as apnea in the absence of brainstem reflexes and the cessation of convulsive activity are used to diagnose brain death in humans (Wijdicks, 1995(Wijdicks, , 2001Hills, 2010) and poultry (Dawson et al, 2007(Dawson et al, , 2009Turner et al, 2012), respectively. Turner et al (2012) also reported the presence of a heartbeat in poultry several minutes after brain death, as confirmed by use of an electrocardiogram and EEG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a nonpenetrating captive bolt for euthanasia of 3 kg to 9 kg pigs1

Casey-Trott

Millman

Turner

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

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The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a nonpenetrating captive bolt, Zephyr-E, for euthanasia of suckling and weaned pigs from 3 to 9 kg (5-49 d of age) using signs of insensibility and death as well as postmortem assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Zephyr-E was used by 15 stock people to euthanize 150 compromised pigs from 4 farrowing and nursery units from commercial farms and 2 research stations. Brainstem reflexes, convulsions, and heartbeat were used to assess insensibility, time of brain death, and cardiac arrest following Zephyr-E application. Skull fracture displacement (FD) was quantified from computed tomography (CT) scans (n = 24), macroscopic scoring was used to assess brain hemorrhage and skull fracture severity (n = 150), and microscopic scoring was used to assess subdural hemorrhage (SDH) and parenchymal hemorrhage within specific brain regions that are responsible for consciousness and vital function (n = 32). The Zephyr-E caused immediate, sustained insensibility until death in 98.6% of pigs. On average, clonic convulsions (CC) ceased in 82.2 s (± 3.4 SE), brain death was achieved in 144.9 s (± 5.4 SE), and cardiac arrest occurred in 226.5 s (± 8.7 SE). Time of brain death and cardiac arrest differed significantly among stock people (P = 0.0225 and P = 0.0369). Age was positively related to the duration of CC (P = 0.0092), time of brain death (P = 0.0025), and cardiac arrest (P = 0.0068) with shorter durations seen in younger pigs. Average FD was 8.3 mm (± 1.0 SE). Macroscopic scores were significantly different among weight classes for subcutaneous (P = 0.0402) and subdural-ventral (P = 0.0037) hemorrhage with the lowest severity hemorrhage found in the 9-kg weight category. Microscopic scores differed among brain sections (P = 0.0070) for SDH with lower scores found in the brainstem compared to the cerebral cortex and midbrain. Parenchymal hemorrhage differed among brain sections (P = 0.0052) and weight categories (P = 0.0128) with the lowest scores in the midbrain and brainstem and the 7- and 9-kg weight categories. The Zephyr-E was highly effective for the euthanasia of pigs up to 9 kg (49 d) based on immediate insensibility sustained until death. Postmortem results confirmed that severe skull fracture and widespread brain hemorrhage were caused by the Zephyr-E nonpenetrating captive bolt.

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“…Exposure to increasing levels of CO2 exceeding 20% for at least 5 min was required to ensure irreversible brain death in these hens. Prolonged electrical activity of the heart after brain death is reported in chickens and other species (Conci et al, 2001;Dawson et al, 2007), thus presence or absence of a heartbeat may not accurately predict time of death. Sporadic, uncoordinated, and irregular ECC patterns were consistent with increasing hypoxia and myocardial ischémie infarction and lasted up to 11 min in some instrumented hens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mass depopulation of laying hens in whole barns with liquid carbon dioxide: Evaluation of welfare impact

et al. 2012

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Appropriate emergency disaster preparedness is a key priority for agricultural agencies to allow effective response to serious avian disease outbreaks. There is a need to develop rapid, humane, and safe depopulation techniques for poultry that are widely applicable across a range of farm settings. Whole barn depopulation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been investigated as a humane and efficient means of killing large numbers of birds in the event of a reportable disease outbreak. It has also been considered as a method for depopulating barns containing end-of-lay hens, particularly when there is limited local slaughter and rendering capacity. Determining the best method of humanely killing large flocks of birds remains problematic and is being investigated by a coordinated international effort. While whole barn depopulation using CO(2) inhalation has been explored, physiologic responses of chickens have not been characterized in field settings and assessment of animal welfare is hampered without this information. In this study, 12 cull laying hens were surgically instrumented with telemetry transmitters to record electroencephalographs, electrocardiographs, body temperature, and activity during 2 large-scale field CO(2) euthanasia trials of end-of-lay hens. The day following surgery, instrumented hens were placed in barns with other birds, barns were sealed, and animals were killed by CO(2) inhalation delivered via a specially designed liquid CO(2) manifold. Instrumented birds were monitored by infrared thermography, and ambient temperature, CO(2), and O(2) concentrations were recorded. Results from these studies indicate that instrumented hens lost consciousness within 2 min of CO(2) levels reaching 18 to 20%. Mild to moderate head shaking, gasping, and 1 to 2 clonic muscle contractions were noted in hens before unconsciousness; however, brain death followed rapidly (<5 min). Evaluation of welfare costs and benefits suggest clear advantages over catching and transporting cull hens for slaughter. The financial costs with this method are greater, however, than those estimated for traditional slaughter techniques. Results of these studies are being used to develop national protocols for whole barn depopulation of hens by CO(2) inhalation.

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Using Accelerometers to Determine the Cessation of Activity of Broilers

Cited by 37 publications

References 7 publications

Using time to insensibility and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating captive bolt, cervical dislocation, and blunt trauma for on-farm killing of turkeys

Using time to insensibility and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating captive bolt, cervical dislocation, and blunt trauma for on-farm killing of turkeys

Effectiveness of a nonpenetrating captive bolt for euthanasia of 3 kg to 9 kg pigs1

Mass depopulation of laying hens in whole barns with liquid carbon dioxide: Evaluation of welfare impact

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