Using In situ Dynamic Cultures to Rapidly Biofabricate Fabric-Reinforced Composites of Chitosan/Bacterial Nanocellulose for Antibacterial Wound Dressings

Abstract

Bacterial nano-cellulose (BNC) is considered to possess incredible potential in biomedical applications due to its innate unrivaled nano-fibrillar structure and versatile properties. However, its use is largely restricted by inefficient production and by insufficient strength when it is in a highly swollen state. In this study, a fabric skeleton reinforced chitosan (CS)/BNC hydrogel with high mechanical reliability and antibacterial activity was fabricated by using an efficient dynamic culture that could reserve the nano-fibrillar structure. By adding CS in culture media to 0.25–0.75% (w/v) during bacterial cultivation, the CS/BNC composite hydrogel was biosynthesized in situ on a rotating drum composed of fabrics. With the proposed method, BNC biosynthesis became less sensitive to the adverse antibacterial effects of CS and the production time of the composite hydrogel with desirable thickness could be halved from 10 to 5 days as compared to the conventional static cultures. Although, its concentration was low in the medium, CS accounted for more than 38% of the CS/BNC dry weight. FE-SEM observation confirmed conservation of the nano-fibrillar networks and covering of CS on BNC. ATR-FTIR showed a decrease in the degree of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and water absorption capacity was improved after compositing with CS. The fabric-reinforced CS/BNC composite exhibited bacteriostatic properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and significantly improved mechanical properties as compared to the BNC sheets from static culture. In summary, the fabric-reinforced CS/BNC composite constitutes a desired candidate for advanced wound dressings. From another perspective, coating of BNC or CS/BNC could upgrade the conventional wound dressings made of cotton gauze to reduce pain during wound healing, especially for burn patients.

Electrospinning of Nanodiamond-Modified Polysaccharide Nanofibers with Physico-Mechanical Properties Close to Natural Skins

“…Additionally, the blends did not exhibit an adverse effect on in vitro cell viability [ 25 ]. The fabrication of CS/BC nanofibers has recently been attempted [ 26 ]. Very recently, Azarnia et al [ 27 ] utilized the surface methodology approach to determine a set of optimum parameters to attain long, uniform, and fine CS/BC fibers.…”

Nanocellulose in Biotechnology and Medicine: Focus on Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

“…Wound healing and lactate dehydrogenase in the blood serum [226]. A recent study by Kaminagakura et al [46] showed that bacterial cellulose membranes (Nanoskin ® ) promoted healing of full-thickness skin Nature-derived antibacterial molecules used for modifying bacterial cellulose include chitosan, which exhibited bacteriostatic properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [229,242].…”

“…Bacterial nanocellulose with additivesIn order to further improve the healing effect of bacterial (nano)cellulose, this material has been combined with other biologically-active molecules, such as other polysaccharides, proteins, glycosides, cytokines and growth factors, local anesthetics, and even nanoparticles. For example, combination with chitosan improved the mechanical properties and endowed bacterial cellulosebased wound dressings with antimicrobial properties[229]. The mechanical properties of composite electrospun nanofibrous mats containing bacterial nanocellulose and chitosan were further improved by adding medical grade diamond nanoparticles to the electrospinning solution.…”

Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications

“…The biodegradable properties of green polymeric composites imply the degradation of a polymer in natural environment that includes changes to the chemical structure, the loss of mechanical and structural properties, and conversion into other compounds that are beneficial to the environment . Green polymeric composites have been used effectively in many applications, including mass produced consumer products with short life cycles or products intended for one use or short period prior to disposal . Indeed, it could also be used for indoor applications and remain in use for several years.…”