Using spike model to reduce traffic congestion and improve public transportation in Malaysia

The Combination of a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Taguchi Method to Evaluate the Malaysian Users’ Willingness to Pay for Public Transportation

“…These results supported the importance of short travel times by Ibrahim et al [13] and Almselati et al [14]. 2.…”

“…Parasuraman et al [10] stated that the reliability is not a stand-alone factor in customer satisfaction, but it could be an aim. After that, other previous studies, such as Ibrahim et al [13] and Almselati et al [14], demonstrated that reliability consists of two main factors, safety and on-time services, which safety is considered in the convenience factor and on-time service is in scheduled service. Even these five main factors can divide to more or combine to other factors, but this study preferred to follow the main factors as were considered in previous studies.…”

“…Even though the factors that may affect the level of passengers' satisfaction towards the use of buses still needs further clarification, there are a few studies that can give some insights on this matter, which include Ibrahim et al [13] and Almselati et al [14]. From the studies, it is suggested that the main factors that influence the satisfaction level among the users of public transportation are as follows: public transportations' schedule, affordable fare, comfort, convenience, and short travel time.…”

“…The spike model is a parametric model, which allows the number of respondents to have zero WTP. Furthermore, the spike model also helps with dealing with responses that have negative WTP values [14,28,29]. Additionally, different regression analyses have been used like interval regression method [30], mixed logit model [31,32], autoregressive model [33], multivariate regression [34], and factor analysis [35].…”

“…Five indicators include: total travel time, travel cost, comfort in vehicle, safety, convenience, and overall satisfaction were considered. In the third part (preference and attitude), five indicators were measured based on the theories of Ibrahim et al [13] and Almselati et al [14]. These include vehicles usually arriving on schedule, the fare is low, vehicles are not too crowded, vehicles are clean, and short travel time.…”