Utility of toluidine blue in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma: Continuing research and implications for clinical practice

Abstract

Toluidine blue (TB) has been shown to aid in the detection and diagnosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). TB has been shown to enhance visualization of oral lesions and assist in identifying sites of increased risk of dysplastic/malignant change and promote biopsy. TB has been shown to identify lesions with molecular changes associated with risk of progression of OPLs to OSCC. A recent prospective longitudinal study showed TB retention in histologic benign lesions and lesions with mild dysplasia that are at increased risk of progression to cancer. Clinical trials show that TB is useful in identifying asymptomatic OSCC and premalignant lesions at risk of progressing to SCC, which might otherwise be undetected until lesions become more advanced. The data supports TB use in oral examination of patients at risk of OSCC.

Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3: A novel prognostic biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…4 Patients with OSCC are often asymptomatic but may present with minimal pain in the early stage. 5 Despite the availability of advanced clinical diagnostic systems, including CT, MRI, positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging, and improved therapy, the overall 5-year survival rate for patients with OSCC has remained poor over the past 2 decades. 4 Consequently, it is urgently necessary to determine sensitive biomarkers, diagnostic and prognostic, to assist pathologists in making more accurate diagnoses and to help clinicians in planning suitable treatments.…”

Quantitative analysis of optical coherence tomography and histopathology images of normal and dysplastic oral mucosal tissues

“…The gold standard clinical approach for diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) involves three steps, namely, a visual recognition of macroscopic features, localization and biopsy sampling of the most representative site, and histopathological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections [1,2]. However, each of the different steps is associated with limitations.…”

Timing of Oral Cancer Diagnosis: Implications for Prognosis and Survival

“…Tolonium chloride (toluidine blue) has been assessed as diagnostic aid for diagnosis of oral malignant and premalignant lesions by a number of studies (Epstein, 2007;Epstein, 2008;Epstein, 2009). These results were studied from a meta-analytical perspective in 1989, revealing sensitivities ranging from 93.5% to 97.8% and specificities from 73.3% to 92.9% (Rosenberg, 1989), this good performance of the product was somehow spoiled by the serious methodological limitations observed in some of the original reports.…”