Utilization of Synthesized Zeolite for Improved Properties of Pyrolytic Oil Derived from Used Tire

Abstract

This paper reports the investigation of zeolite NaY synthesized from kaolin, a locally abundant soil material found in the Benin City metropolis, Nigeria, as a suitable catalyst and its effect on the properties of pyrolytic oil produced from used tires. The pyrolysis process was conducted from a range of 1 to 10 wt.% of catalyst concentration to the used tire at an operating temperature of 600°C, heating rate of 15°C/min, and particle size of 6 mm. An increase in the catalyst weight gave a maximum yield of catalytic pyrolytic oil (CPO) of 21.3 wt.% at a catalyst-to-tire ratio of 7.5 wt.%. Although this was lower than the noncatalyzed pyrolytic oil yield (34.40 wt.%), the quality in terms of chemical composition and hydrocarbon fuel range varied from that of the noncatalyzed pyrolytic oil, as indicated by the FT-IR, NMR, and GC-MS analyses. From the GC-MS result, the CPO gave a benzene yield higher than that of noncatalyzed pyrolytic oil. The CPO benzene yield can be ranked as CPO (5 wt.%) > CPO (1 wt.%) > CPO (10 wt.%) > CPO (7.5 wt.%) > noncatalyzed pyrolytic oil. The catalyst also improved the yield of other valuable chemicals such as ethylbenzene, o- and p-xylene, styrene, toluene, quinoline, pyrene, thiophene, P-cresol, phenol, and limonene in the pyrolytic oil. For hydrocarbon range, the catalyst displayed the potential to increase the yield of carbon range (C6–C15), which is similar to gasoline (C6–C12) and kerosene (C11–C14), with a lower yield of diesel and fuel oils (C11–C20) when compared to the noncatalyzed pyrolytic oil.

Zeolite catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire into fuel in gasoline hydrocarbon range

“…could be attained from the pyrolysis of waste tires at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and a heating rate of 15 °C./minute using zeolite catalyst ratio to waste tires of 7.5 %-wt. [10]. The different trends for TPO yields with heating rates and pyrolysis temperature have been reported by some researchers.…”

“…and a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C with a heating rate of 15 °C./minute. The yield of PLO was lower than the yield of non-catalyzed TPO of 34.40 %-wt., nevertheless, the quality in terms of the range of hydrocarbon fuels produced gasoline (C6-C12) is higher than that of non-catalyzed PLO [10]. The PLO yields from 31.6 to 12.7 %-wt.…”

“…Usually during pyrolysis, it is initiated by a unimolecular dissociation reaction followed by the segregation of H atoms and addition reactions by hydrogen atoms (H) and methyl radical molecule (CH3). The more bonds (hydrocarbon chains) that are broken, the more yield increases [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The high temperature also affects the reduction in TPO yield along with the increase in the yield of gas products.…”

The effect of pre‐pyrolysis chemical treatment of waste tyre rubber crumbs: comparison between pre‐treated and conventional waste tyre‐derived oil

“…The TDO produced when using catalysts showed improvements in physical properties and resembled those of commercial diesel. Osayi and Osifo 34 conducted a study comparing the physical properties of uncatalysed and catalysed (zeolite NaY catalyst) TDO and commercial diesel. The reported results showed that some of the properties were not affected such as density, viscosity, flash point and pour point and some properties were improved in the catalysed oil such as refractive index, heating value and sulfur content.…”

Modification of Clinoptilolite as Catalyst for Waste Tyre Pyrolysis to Liquid Oil

“…Kaolin also has a high molecular stability, with isomorphous substitutions being rare or non-existent and environmentally friendly. Several researchers have modified the chemical and physicochemical properties of zeolite with kaolin to create catalyst [15][16][17]. Nevertheless, as zeolites have different properties affecting their capability, further research is required to evaluate the potential of other types of zeolites such as clinoptilolite.…”