UV written waveguides using crosslinkable PMMA-based copolymers

Koo, Jae-Sun; Smith, Peter G. R.; Williams, Richard; Riziotis, Christos; Grossel, Martin C.

doi:10.1016/s0925-3467(03)00025-9

Cited by 40 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…For the definition of the grids on the GCS surface, we used the well established Laser micromachining technique with femtosecond pulsed Laser in combination with high-precision translation systems (Femtosecond Laser Micromachining-FLM) which allows the high quality direct transfer of geometrical patterns in a variety of materials. [6][7][8][9][10] The employed FLM inscription set-up is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1a.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a real‐time reference and calibration grid platform for improved screening – mapping in Pap test slides

Tsiambas

Riziotis

2016

Pathology International

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Cervical cancer screening based on the Papanicolaou (Pap) test is a widely applied but not always efficient practice for detecting Human Papillomavirus (HPV) mediated lesions, partially due to a non-systematic and inadequate screening process. Our aim was to introduce an inexpensive easy-to-use direct screening platform for improved detection of abnormal cells indicative of underlying cervical neoplasia as well as persisting HPV infection. By employing a novel, efficient technique of laser-based micromachining, we achieved the fabrication of spatial grids on commercially available coverslips allowing visual segmentation of the slide for efficient screening. Abnormal and formerly diagnosed as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) Pap test slides (n = 200) were analyzed by conventional and grid-based screening. Grid-based microscopy led to a more reliable diagnosis compared to the conventional by identifying an increased number of abnormal cells (P = 0.001). It decreased borderline ASCUS, AGC diagnosis, increasing LSIL, HSIL and in situ AdenoCa detection rates closely related with biopsy (P = 0.015; kappa = 0.978). Concerning the set of NILM diagnoses in rapid re-screening, the method upgraded six cases (n = 6) to LSIL (P = 0.001). The proposed technical solution offers a calibration and orientation visual aid during the on-site screening process providing significant advantages compared to expensive digital imaging techniques.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of a real‐time reference and calibration grid platform for improved screening – mapping in Pap test slides

Tsiambas

Riziotis

2016

Pathology International

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“…UV-written waveguides in polymers on silicon or silica are another frequent method of fabrication (Koo et al 2003). Polymers developed for waveguide applications such as the PMMA are often used in this fabrication process.…”

Section: Uv Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Based Optical Waveguides

Tong¹

2013

Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides

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Polymer optical waveguides would play a key role in broadband communications, such as optical networking, metropolitan access communications, and computing systems, due mainly to their easier processibility and integration over inorganic counterparts. The combined advantages also make them an ideal integration platform where foreign material systems, such as yttrium iron garnet and lithium niobate, as well as semiconductor devices such as lasers, detectors, amplifiers, and logic circuits can be inserted into an etched groove in a planar lightwave circuit to enable full amplifier modules or optical add/drop multiplexers on a single substrate. Moreover, the combination of flexibility and toughness in optical polymers makes it suitable for vertical integration to realize 3D and even all-polymer integrated optics. This chapter would provide a brief review about polymer-based optical waveguides, including suitable polymer waveguide systems, their processing and fabrication techniques, and the integrated optical waveguide components and circuits derived from these materials. Rationale of Polymers Used for Optical WaveguidesAs discussed in previous chapters, depending on the phenomenon of total internal reflection guided wave optics can confine light in the optical waveguide, a material surrounded by other materials with lower refractive indices. Optical waveguides may be thin-film deposits used in integrated optical circuits or a filament of dielectric material usually circular in the cross section used in fiber optics. Depending on various possible patterns or propagating or standing electromagnetic fields, there are single-mode and multi-mode optical waveguides. Each mode is characterized by its frequency, effective refractive index, polarization, power distribution, electric field strength, and magnetic field strength.With the rapid advance of integrated optics, the importance of optical waveguides, which are the fundamental elements of optical integrated circuits (ICs), has been widely recognized. For example, the further success of broadband X.C. Tong, Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides, Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 46, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01550-7_9, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 377 communications in optical networking, metro/access communications, and computing will rely on the advancement of optical interconnects, optical components, such as splitters, combiners, multiplexers, and demultiplexers, optical switches/modulators, tunable filters, variable optical attenuators (VOAs), amplifiers, and integrated optical circuits that are based on optical waveguides. While the basic technologies for the design and production of many integrated optical waveguide devices are in place, a great many materials have also been developed. Today, glass optical fibers are routinely used for high-speed data transfer. Although these fibers provide a convenient means for carrying optical information over long distances, they are inconvenient for complex high-density...

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“…Examples hereof include directly UV written waveguides in polymers, 31 which are a potentially very low cost material with interesting nonlinear possibilities. Direct UV writing has also been demonstrated in many bulk glasses, such as lead silicate glass, 32 ion exchangeable bulk oxide glass, 33 direct bonded intersubstrate ion-exchanged neodymium-doped germano-borosilicate glass, 34 chalcogenide ͑gallium lanthanum sulphide͒ glass, 35,36 and Nddoped fluoroaluminate glass.…”

Section: Direct Uv Writing Of Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in silica-based integrated optics

Poulsen

2003

Opt. Eng

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Recent advances within the realization of silica-based planar waveguide circuitry are presented. This ranges from the production methods for planar waveguides, including a novel method based on the utilization of focused UV-laser beams for direct waveguide imprinting, to the functionalities that are embedded into the glass materials and waveguide circuitry. Planar waveguide amplifiers, lasers, and the pursuit to obtain highly nonlinear materials to realize purely glass-based switches, modulators, and wavelength converters are also presented. Furthermore, microring resonators are discussed, and finally the latest results within 2-D photonic bandgap structures are reviewed.

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UV written waveguides using crosslinkable PMMA-based copolymers

Cited by 40 publications

References 14 publications

Implementation of a real‐time reference and calibration grid platform for improved screening – mapping in Pap test slides

Implementation of a real‐time reference and calibration grid platform for improved screening – mapping in Pap test slides

Polymer-Based Optical Waveguides

Advances in silica-based integrated optics

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