“…The theory assumes that students have two basic ways of approaching objects of knowledge, a deep one, using high-order cognitive processes and intrinsic motivations, and a superficial one, using loworder cognitive processes and extrinsic motivations (Gomes & Linhares, 2018). Gomes, 2010aGomes, , 2010bGomes, , 2011bGomes, , 2012bGomes & Borges, 2009b, 2009cGomes et al, 2014aGomes et al, , 2014cGomes & Golino, 2012a, 2012c BAFACALO's tests , 2021b The field which studies approaches has brought important contributions to students' learning approaches, as well as the relationship between teaching, in its different forms, and learning (Gomes, 2010c(Gomes, , 2011a(Gomes, , 20132022b;Gomes & Golino, 2012c;Gomes & Linhares, 2018;Gomes et al, 2011Gomes et al, , 2020bRodrigues & Gomes, 2020). Evidence has shown that the deep and surface approaches are reasonable predictors of academic performance, with similar predictions to other psychoeducational variables related to motivation, beliefs, and conceptions, despite being secondary predictors if compared to intelligence or metacognition (Table II).…”