“…Validation is conducted by utilizing the outcomes of the evaluation of content validity and construct validation. Content validation consists of several aspects: (1) the clarity of the background of the model requirements, (2) the state of the art of knowledge, (3) the clarity of theoretical and empirical support, (4) the planning and implementation of the model, ( 5) the management of the learning environment (Arends, 2012;Simamora et al, 2022;Sutoyo et al, 2023;Nieven & Plomp, 2013;Joyce, Well & Calhoun, 2009). Meanwhile, construct validation consists of several aspects: (1) consistency of the learning model, (2) consistency of theoretical and empirical support for the implementation of the learning syntax in the phases, (3) consistency of planning and implementation of the model, (4) Management of the learning environment, (5) Assessment and evaluation (Nieven & Plomp, 2013;Joyce, Well & Calhoun, 2009;Arends, 2012).…”