Value‐added derivatives of soda lignin from alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima). I. Modification and characterization

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in childhood, and often has effects detectable into adulthood. Advances in genetic linkage and association analysis have begun to elucidate some of the genetic factors underlying this complex disorder. Recently, we identified LPHN3, a novel ADHD susceptibility gene harbored in 4q, and showed that a LPHN3 common haplotype confers susceptibility to ADHD and predicts effectiveness of stimulant medication. Here we present the mutational analysis of the entire coding region of LPHN3 in a cohort of 139 ADHD subjects and 52 controls from across the USA. We identified 21 variants, of which 14 have been reported and 7 are novel. These include 5 missense, 8 synonymous, and 8 intronic changes. Interestingly, neither susceptibility nor protective haplotype alleles are associated with obviously significant coding region changes, or canonical splice site alterations, suggesting that non‐coding variations determining the quantity and/or quality of LPHN3 isoforms are the likely contributors to this common behavioral disorder. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Tungsten Carbide: A Remarkably Efficient Catalyst for the Selective Cleavage of Lignin C−O Bonds

“…The residual lignin molecular weight decreasedi nb oth cases relative to that of the corresponding untreated lignins, which provedt hat depolymerization had occurred.R iedl et al and Chakar and Ragauskas reported that during the degradation process, repolymerization (condensation) of lignin with active intermediates such as quinone methide and other radical phenolic speciesg enerated modified ChemSusChem 2016, 9,3220 -3229 www.chemsuschem.org structures with higherm olecular weights than the initial compounds. [22,25] The decreased molecular weight of residue lignin in our case suggests that W 2 Cw ould not induce as evere repolymerization reaction,w hich is one of the advantages of this catalytic system.…”

“…[22,25] The decreased molecular weight of residue lignin in our case suggests that W 2 Cw ould not induce as evere repolymerization reaction,w hich is one of the advantages of this catalytic system. The residual lignin molecular weight decreasedi nb oth cases relative to that of the corresponding untreated lignins, which provedt hat depolymerization had occurred.R iedl et al and Chakar and Ragauskas reported that during the degradation process, repolymerization (condensation) of lignin with active intermediates such as quinone methide and other radical phenolic speciesg enerated modified www.chemsuschem.org structures with higherm olecular weights than the initial compounds.…”

“…[21] 2-Phenoxy-1-phenylethanol (substrate 2)w ithoutm ethoxy substitution on the phenylr ing is one component of grass lignin. [22] After reaction, it was found that ethylbenzene and phenol derivatives (compounds A and C in Table 3) were the dominant products in all cases, which suggested that, in the W 2 C/methanol system,t he aryl CÀOb onds of the substrates were selectively cleaved and the aryl rings were left intact in the products. The conversions of all substrates were higher than 99 %inour reactionsystem;however,the yields of the aromatics varied (Table 2).…”

Selective Cleavage of C−O Bonds in Lignin Catalyzed by Rhenium(VII) Oxide (Re2O7)

“…For example, 2‐(2,6‐dimethoxyphenoxy)‐1‐phenylethanol with two methoxy groups (substrate 3 in Table ), a typical syringyl unit, is a predominant moiety in birch lignin . 2‐Phenoxy‐1‐phenylethanol (Table , substrate 2 ), without methoxy substitution on the phenyl ring is a component of grass lignin . All the investigated substrates provided 2‐phenylethanol and phenol derivatives (compounds a and b in Table ) as the major products, suggesting that the aryl C−O bonds of the substrates were selectively cleaved with the aryl rings intact.…”

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ion from Aqueous Single Metal Solution by Aminated Epoxy-Lignin

“…Lignin was isolated by acid precipitation from an industrial black liquor obtained from the soda pulping of bagasse (supplied by Nanning Sugar Industry Co., Ltd. China), and the isolated method was carried out as described by Nadji et al (2010). The black liquor was filtered prior to acidulation in order to remove suspended solid residues.…”