“…Researchers agree that value co-creation is the new market paradigm and that it occurs in a dynamic shared space where multiple stakeholders interact (Grönroos & Voima, 2013; Iglesias et al, 2013; Ind et al, 2013; Kazadi, Lievens, & Mahr, 2016; Kennedy & Guzmán, 2016; Kornum & Mühlbacher, 2013; Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2004; Vallaster & von Wallpach, 2013; Vargo & Lusch, 2004, 2016). Although the notion of co-creation has been around for some time, especially in the services literature under the labels of inseparability and simultaneity of production and consumption of service (Grönroos, 2011, 2017; Lovelock & Gummesson, 2004; Perera, Albinsson, & Shows, 2017; Vargo, Archpru Akaka, & Vaughan, 2017), the term co-creation has come of age with the service-dominant logic (SDL) literature (Leclercq, Hammedi, & Poncin, 2016; Vargo & Lusch, 2004, 2016; Vargo et al, 2017; Wilden, Akaka, Karpen, & Hohberger, 2017). Co-creation also finds strong support in the concept of value-dominant logic (VDL) (Mahajan, 2017), as VDL focuses beyond the process of creating value, and rather focuses on the goal of creating it consciously, unconsciously, implicitly or explicitly for all actors within an ecosystem that interact with each other.…”