Variable Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on<i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i>s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) Development

Tian, Yuexun; Kaufman, Phillip E.; Taylor, Caitlin; Béati, Lorenza; Lord, Cynthia C.

doi:10.1093/ee/nvac027

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our experiment used adult ticks; thus, we expected shorter survival times than published studies that used immature ticks. Second, the traditional method of setting RH with saturated salt solutions can result in an equilibrium RH with variation of ±10% [ 40 ]. This means that using a salt like ammonium sulfate to set the RH to 82% can yield humidities up to 92%, well above the CEH of nymphs, thus extending their survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks

et al. 2022

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Ticks are the most important vectors of zoonotic disease-causing pathogens in North America and Europe. Many tick species are expanding their geographic range. Although correlational evidence suggests that climate change is driving the range expansion of ticks, experimental evidence is necessary to develop a mechanistic understanding of ticks’ response to a range of climatic conditions. Previous experiments used simulated microclimates, but these protocols require hazardous salts or expensive laboratory equipment to manipulate humidity. We developed a novel, safe, stable, convenient, and economical method to isolate individual ticks and manipulate their microclimates. The protocol involves placing individual ticks in plastic tubes, and placing six tubes along with a commercial two-way humidity control pack in an airtight container. We successfully used this method to investigate how humidity affects survival and host-seeking (questing) behavior of three tick species: the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), and black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). We placed 72 adult females of each species individually into plastic tubes and separated them into three experimental relative humidity (RH) treatments representing distinct climates: 32% RH, 58% RH, and 84% RH. We assessed the survival and questing behavior of each tick for 30 days. In all three species, survivorship significantly declined in drier conditions. Questing height was negatively associated with RH in Amblyomma, positively associated with RH in Dermacentor, and not associated with RH in Ixodes. The frequency of questing behavior increased significantly with drier conditions for Dermacentor but not for Amblyomma or Ixodes. This report demonstrates an effective method for assessing the viability and host-seeking behavior of tick vectors of zoonotic diseases under different climatic conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks

et al. 2022

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“…In the following text, these three strains will be represented by NC, CA, and FL strains, respectively. The CA and FL were tropical lineage while the NC strain was the temperate lineage using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers 13 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tian et al 13 . reported on the development time of fed ticks held in total darkness and under 20 environmental conditions, all combinations of five temperatures (20, 23, 27, 30, and 35 °C), and four RHs (33%, 52%, 75%, and 92%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using environmental factors to predict Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) mortality

Tian

Lord

Taylor

et al. 2023

Pest Management Science

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Background Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille, 1806) can establish indoor populations, which increases the risk of pathogen transmission to humans and companion dogs. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks spend most of their life cycle off the host, which subjects developmental timescale to abiotic factors. Previous studies showed that both temperature and relative humidity (RH) influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival time across all life stages. However, quantified relationships between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality is not currently available. Here, three Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. strains were evaluated for mortality under 20 combinations of five temperatures and four RHs. The data obtained were analyzed to quantify the relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival. Results Mortality probabilities did not show a consistent pattern between the three tick strains. Temperature, RH, and their interaction influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality probabilities across all life stages, with mortality probability generally increasing with temperature but decreasing with RH. With 50% and lower RH, larvae cannot survive for more than 1 week. However, mortality probabilities in all strains and stages were more sensitive to temperature than to RH. Conclusion This study identified the predictive relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival, which enables estimations of tick survival time under varied residential situations, allows parameterization of population models, and provides guidance for pest control professionals to develop efficient management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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“…Three R. sanguineus s.l. strains ( Tian et al 2022 ) were evaluated for acaricide susceptibility in this study. A long-standing laboratory strain from North Carolina (NC) was obtained from Ecto Services, Inc. (Henderson, NC).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Permethrin Resistance and Fipronil Tolerance inRhipicephalus sanguineuss.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) Populations From Florida and California

Tian

Taylor

Lord

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille), is a vector of multiple disease-causing pathogens to humans and dogs. Permethrin and fipronil are two acaricides used to manage R. sanguineus s.l. infestations. Homeowners have reported treatment failures in managing brown dog ticks using permethrin and fipronil based products. Previous studies demonstrated that high permethrin resistance in some R. sanguineus s.l. populations was due to metabolic detoxification and target site insensitivity. In this study, three R. sanguineus s.l. strains, one from a laboratory colony (NC) and two colonies originally collected from Florida (FL) and California (CA), were evaluated for resistance expression against permethrin and fipronil. Metabolic detoxification mechanisms were evaluated in the FL strain using three synergists, while a polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect a resistance mutation in all strains. The NC strain was susceptible to both permethrin and fipronil, while both the FL and CA strains exhibited high resistance to permethrin and tolerance to fipronil. The synergist tests and PCR results indicated that the FL strain utilized both metabolic resistance and target site insensitivity against permethrin, while the CA strain was documented to have the target-site insensitivity resistant allele. This study confirmed permethrin resistance in both California and Florida populations and its persistence in Florida populations, although its susceptibility can potentially be increased by adding a synergist. Fipronil resistance was not detected suggesting this acaricide may provide suitable tick control.

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Variable Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity onRhipicephalus sanguineuss.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) Development

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks

A novel laboratory method to simulate climatic stress with successful application to experiments with medically relevant ticks

Using environmental factors to predict Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) mortality

Evidence of Permethrin Resistance and Fipronil Tolerance inRhipicephalus sanguineuss.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) Populations From Florida and California

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