Various Simulated Body Fluids Lead to Significant Differences in Collagen Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Abstract

This study aims to point out the main drawback with respect to the design of simulated body environments. Three media commonly used for the simulation of the identical body environment were selected, i.e., Kokubo’s simulated body fluid that simulates the inorganic component of human blood plasma, human blood plasma, and phosphate buffer saline. A comparison was performed of the effects of the media on collagen scaffolds. The mechanical and structural effects of the media were determined via the application of compression mechanical tests, the determination of mass loss, and image and micro-CT analyses. The adsorption of various components from the media was characterized employing energy-dispersive spectrometry. The phase composition of the materials before and after exposure was determined using X-ray diffraction. Infrared spectroscopy was employed for the interpretation of changes in the collagen secondary structure. Major differences in terms of the mechanical properties and mass loss were observed between the three media. Conversely, only minor structural changes were detected. Since no general recommendation exists for selecting the simulated body environment, it is necessary to avoid the simplification of the results and, ideally, to utilize alternative methods to describe the various aspects of degradation processes that occur in the media.

Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography

“…The receptor compartment was filled with 5.0 mL of PBS pH 7.4 and checked to ensure there were no air bubbles between the receptor fluid (PBS) and the skin. PBS is a buffer solution that is particularly valuable because it mimics the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human body fluids [51]. The donor compartment was filled with 1 mL of a saturated solution (concentration values are listed in Table 1) of each analyte dissolved in PBS pH 5.0.…”

Influence of Biomimetically Mineralized Collagen Scaffolds on Bone Cell Proliferation and Immune Activation

“…The position at 1080 cm −1 represents orthophosphate ([PO 4 ] 3− ) formation in the scaffold [ 23 ]. In other studies, the 1082 cm −1 band was assigned to the mutual stretching vibration of the C-O bonds in the carbohydrate as well as to the symmetric PO 2 stretching vibration in the phosphorylated proteins (for a review, see [ 46 ]). The presence of phosphates was also attributed to the bands at 1200–965 cm −1 [ 9 ], 1022 cm −1 [ 47 ], 1020 cm −1 and 960 cm −1 [ 48 ] and also at 500–600 cm −1 [ 9 , 23 , 48 ], while the bands at 872 cm −1 , 873 cm −1 and 1413 cm −1 were assigned to carbonates [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Mechanical Characteristics and Bioactivity of Nanocomposite Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Coated Titanium for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…The sintering process causes no traces of collagen in the Ti/HAp-coll due to protein denaturation. However, after SBF immersion (3 days), the traces of amino acids derived from collagen were indicated by absorption peaks at 1631–1648 cm −1 and 1519–1521 cm −1 corresponding to protein amide I and amide II [ 34 ]. The bands at 1440–1467 cm −1 correspond to carbonate, and at 1051–1052 cm −1 correspond to phosphate [ 21 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…The EDS spectra collected in the selected micro-area on the uncoated Ti surface reveal the peaks of titanium, sodium, phosphate, calcium, and chlorine after being immersed in SBF. The deposition of salts sourced from the SBF solution occurs in the pores on the substrate surface [ 34 , 43 ]. The EDS spectra of the surface area of Ti/HAp and Ti/HAp-coll in Figure 8 show peaks from the substrates, i.e., titanium, calcium, and phosphate.…”